CSCC PSY 1100 EXAM 2 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS

CSCC PSY 1100 EXAM 2 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS .classical conditioning - ANSWERS-a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events .Pavlov - ANSWERS-founder of classical conditioning .unconditioned stimulus - ANSWERS-in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. .unconditioned response - ANSWERS-In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. .neutral stimulus - ANSWERS-in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning .operant conditioning - ANSWERS-a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher .B.F. Skinner - ANSWERS-Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats .positive reinforcement - ANSWERS-Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. .negative reinforcement - ANSWERS-Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) .positive punishment - ANSWERS-the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring .negative punishment - ANSWERS-the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring .Shaping - ANSWERS-An operant conditioning in which something is learned gradually .observational learning - ANSWERS-learning by observing others .insight learning - ANSWERS-The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known .learned helplessness - ANSWERS-An organism's learning through experience with unavoidable negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes. .Concepts - ANSWERS-a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people .Prototypes - ANSWERS-A mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category .Heuristic - ANSWERS-an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb" .availability heuristic - ANSWERS-estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common .type 1 thinking - ANSWERS-Thinking that isfast and easy .type 2 thinking - ANSWERS-Thinking that is Slow and under your control .mental set - ANSWERS-a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past