1|Page
Exam 2: BIOS242/ BIOS 242 (Latest 2026/ 2027
Update) Fundamentals of Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology ......ANSWER......production of organic
compounds such as antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, acids, solvents and
enzymes.
Agricultural Microbiology ......ANSWER......concerned with the
relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals
Medical Microbiology ......ANSWER......study of microbes as they relate
to medicine (infections for example)
Public Health Microbiology ......ANSWER......control and spread of
communicable diseases and inspect food and water sources
Environmental Microbiology ......ANSWER......study of relationships
between microbes and among microbes, other organisms, and their
environment
Pharmaceutical Microbiology ......ANSWER......manufacture of vaccines
and antibiotics
pg. 1
,2|Page
Who disproved spontaneous generation? ......ANSWER......Louis Pasteur
by swan neck flask experiment
Louis Pasteur ......ANSWER......1. invented pasteurization
2. showed that human diseases arise from infection
Frederick Griffith ......ANSWER......Discovered transformation in S.
pneumoniae that has a smooth (S) capsule in its appearance was
capable of causing lethal infections upon injection into mice. Because of
their lack of a protective coat, the R-type bacteria are destroyed by the
animal after the injection.
How does the capsule contribute to pathogenicity?
......ANSWER......enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease by
preventing phagocytosis
Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) ......ANSWER......the organism
to which all other organisms can be traced back
Gene Therapy ......ANSWER......the insertion of working copies of a gene
into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to
correct the disorder
Backbone of DNA chain is alternating and consists of ___ and _____
......ANSWER......phosphates, deoxyribose
pg. 2
, 3|Page
The two strands of DNA are _____ and have______ base pairs
......ANSWER......antiparallel, complimentary
What type of bonds hold the DNA strands together?
......ANSWER......hydrogen bonds
What are 3 types of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?
......ANSWER......1. Conjugation
2. Transformation
3. Transduction
What is conjugation? ......ANSWER......transfer of DNA between bacteria
using a pilus
What is transformation? ......ANSWER......process in which one strain of
bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
What is transduction? ......ANSWER......the process by which a
bacteriophage serves as the carrier of DNA from a donor cell to a
recipient cell
Fastidious organisms nutritional requirements?
......ANSWER......organisms that require many growth factors or special
pg. 3
Exam 2: BIOS242/ BIOS 242 (Latest 2026/ 2027
Update) Fundamentals of Microbiology
Industrial Microbiology ......ANSWER......production of organic
compounds such as antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, acids, solvents and
enzymes.
Agricultural Microbiology ......ANSWER......concerned with the
relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals
Medical Microbiology ......ANSWER......study of microbes as they relate
to medicine (infections for example)
Public Health Microbiology ......ANSWER......control and spread of
communicable diseases and inspect food and water sources
Environmental Microbiology ......ANSWER......study of relationships
between microbes and among microbes, other organisms, and their
environment
Pharmaceutical Microbiology ......ANSWER......manufacture of vaccines
and antibiotics
pg. 1
,2|Page
Who disproved spontaneous generation? ......ANSWER......Louis Pasteur
by swan neck flask experiment
Louis Pasteur ......ANSWER......1. invented pasteurization
2. showed that human diseases arise from infection
Frederick Griffith ......ANSWER......Discovered transformation in S.
pneumoniae that has a smooth (S) capsule in its appearance was
capable of causing lethal infections upon injection into mice. Because of
their lack of a protective coat, the R-type bacteria are destroyed by the
animal after the injection.
How does the capsule contribute to pathogenicity?
......ANSWER......enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease by
preventing phagocytosis
Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) ......ANSWER......the organism
to which all other organisms can be traced back
Gene Therapy ......ANSWER......the insertion of working copies of a gene
into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to
correct the disorder
Backbone of DNA chain is alternating and consists of ___ and _____
......ANSWER......phosphates, deoxyribose
pg. 2
, 3|Page
The two strands of DNA are _____ and have______ base pairs
......ANSWER......antiparallel, complimentary
What type of bonds hold the DNA strands together?
......ANSWER......hydrogen bonds
What are 3 types of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?
......ANSWER......1. Conjugation
2. Transformation
3. Transduction
What is conjugation? ......ANSWER......transfer of DNA between bacteria
using a pilus
What is transformation? ......ANSWER......process in which one strain of
bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
What is transduction? ......ANSWER......the process by which a
bacteriophage serves as the carrier of DNA from a donor cell to a
recipient cell
Fastidious organisms nutritional requirements?
......ANSWER......organisms that require many growth factors or special
pg. 3
