Semmelweis Entrance Exam Medicine Biology 2026 Guide With Complete Solution | Latest Version 2026 | Graded A+

Semmelweis Entrance Exam Medicine Biology 2026 Guide With Complete Solution | Latest Version 2026 | Graded A+ What are carbohydrates and lipids? - answer-Organic compounds that are mostly composed of three types of atom; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen What do carbohydrates do? - answer-provide energy, in the form of sugars like glucose and fructose, but they also make up structures like cellulose, which form the cell wall of plant cells What type of carbohydrate is the most important source of energy? - answer-mono-, di- and poly-saccharides What are mono and disaccharides? - answer-polar and soluble in water What are polysaccharides? - answer-Macromolecules resulting from polymerisation (condensation) of sugars and are not soluble in water Examples of monosaccharides - answer-ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose What forms a disaccharide? - answer-two monosaccharides linked together by condensation reactions with glycosidic bonds releasing one H2O molecule Alpha glucose structure - answerBeta glucose structure - answerExamples of Polysaccharides - answer-cellulose, glycogen and starch Monomer of Sucrose - answer-glucose and fructose monomer of maltose - answer-glucose and glucose monomer of lactose - answer-glucose and galactose monomer of starch - answer-glucose monomer of glycogen - answer-glucose monomer of cellulose - answer-glucose In animals, what carbohydrate stores energy? - answer-glycogen What jobs do carbohydrates have other than storing energy? - answer-structural components What differs the polysaccharides all made up of glucose? - answer-they differ in the arrangement of glucose molecules and position of the glycosidic bonds Starch arrangement - answer-amylopectin branched, amylose linear What is galactose? - answer-a sugar in milkWhat is fructose? - answer-a sugar found in fruit and honey Main characteristic of lipids? - answer-little to no affinity to water, mostly hydrophobic What are the simple forms of lipids? - answer-fat, oil and wax What are lipids characteristics in different solvents? - answer-they are non-polar and insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents What are triglycerides? - answer-the main group of lipids. They are formed by condensation reactions between one glycerol and three fatty acids, creating ester bonds What are the main types of triglycerides? - answer-fats and oils. Fats are solid and oil liquid at room temp What are fatty acids? - answer-carboxylic acids, possessing a -COOH functional group What are the two basic forms of fatty acids? - answer-saturated and unsaturated What differs saturated from unsaturated fatty acids? - answer-Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds; a monounsaturated having one, whereas a polyunsaturated having multiple What are cis and trans isomers? - answer-cis having the double bond elements on the same side, trans on opposite Benefit of lipids over carbohydrates? - answer-Lipids have a higher energy content and can act as thermal insulatorsWhat is the primary protein structure? - answer-the number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide What is the secondary protein structure? - answer-Beta pleated sheet and alpha helix. Hydrogen bonds between polypeptides form these structures What is the tertiary protein structure? - answer-three dimensional conformation. Forms when a polypeptide folds up after translation. Stabilized by intramolecular bonds between amino acids and polypeptides What is the quaternary protein structure? - answer-linking two or more polypeptides to form a single protein What is the basic structure of DNA? - answer-it is composed of three parts, a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base Difference in structure between DNA and RNA - answer-RNA contains a ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and is also single stranded as well as having Uracil as a base instead of thymine What are the two double helix strands held together by? - answer-hydrogen bonds What are hydrogen bonds? - answer-a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom. It results from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom and another very electronegative atom Why is DNA antiparallel? - answer-so that the paired bases can face each otherwhat is mRNA? - answer-Messenger RNA: Encodes amino acid sequence of a polypeptide What is tRNA? - answer-transfer RNA. It carries amino acids around during translation. What is rRNA? - answer-Ribosomal RNA. with ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes, the organelles that translate the mRNA what is snRNA? - answer-small nuclear RNA. with proteins, forms complexes that are used in RNA processing in eukaryotes What are enzymes? - answer-biological catalysts. They are globular proteins that can speed up a biochemical reaction. Alternative pathway What is glycolysis? - answer-the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. What is the kreb's cycle? - answer-second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions What is the mechanism of ATP production in the mitochondria? - answer-located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, allows the protons to diffuse back across the membrane to the matrix. ATP synthase uses the energy that the protons release as they diffuse down the concentration gradient to produce ATP What is the net yield of ATP in cellular respiration? - answer-38 total 2 in glycolysis 2 in Krebs's cycle 34 in chemiosmosis (electron transport chain)What is DNA replication? - answer-the process of copying DNA What is DNA transcription? - answer-the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA What is translation? - answer-the decoding of an mRNA message into amino acids which ultimately form protein