PORTAGE LEARNING A&P I FINAL EXAM WITH
UPGRADED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026/2627
1. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.: The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
2. True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T
or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the
cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F): a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
3. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type
of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone,
which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active
rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.: I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a
more active rate because in order for respiration to occur eflciently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio
is very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the dittusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells
will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and dittusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active respiration;
and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to volume ratio and an improved dittusion rate, so
the higher rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to
the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger
,than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
4. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?: During swallowing
,the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close ott and prevent aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a passage for
liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
5. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:: Oropharynx
6. Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B-
Label D-
Label E-
Label F-
Label G- : B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
7. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:: Primary bronchi,
secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
8. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gas-
trin) might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.: Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the
gastrin hormone, which induces excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as
a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the
stomach lining.
9. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the
digestive system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3:
4:
7:
9:
10: : 3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
, 9. Appendix
10. Rectum
10. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Answer the following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and
purposes.: Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and mucous,
secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete
te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This
very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary
amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric
acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the
breakdown of proteins.
11. Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1:
3:
5:
7:
8: : 1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
12. Label the bones in the figure below:
A:
B:
C:
D:
E: : A. Pisiform
UPGRADED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026/2627
1. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.: The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
2. True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T
or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the
cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F): a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
3. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type
of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone,
which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active
rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.: I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a
more active rate because in order for respiration to occur eflciently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio
is very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the dittusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells
will have a smaller surface to volume ratio and dittusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active respiration;
and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to volume ratio and an improved dittusion rate, so
the higher rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to
the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger
,than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
4. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?: During swallowing
,the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close ott and prevent aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a passage for
liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
5. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:: Oropharynx
6. Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B-
Label D-
Label E-
Label F-
Label G- : B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
7. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:: Primary bronchi,
secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
8. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gas-
trin) might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.: Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the
gastrin hormone, which induces excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as
a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the
stomach lining.
9. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the
digestive system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3:
4:
7:
9:
10: : 3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
, 9. Appendix
10. Rectum
10. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Answer the following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and
purposes.: Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and mucous,
secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete
te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This
very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary
amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric
acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the
breakdown of proteins.
11. Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1:
3:
5:
7:
8: : 1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
12. Label the bones in the figure below:
A:
B:
C:
D:
E: : A. Pisiform
