Etiology - ANSWER Cause of particular disease on microscopic level
Pathogenesis - ANSWER Story of how disease develops
Atrophy - ANSWER Decrease in the size of the cells, results in reduced tissue mass
Hypertrophy - ANSWER Increase in cell size, results in enlarged tissue mass
Hyperplasia - ANSWER Increased number of cells, results in enlarged tissue mass
Metaplasia - ANSWER Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type, Ex:
chronic smokers, cells lose cilia
Dysplasia - ANSWER Cells are different looking varying in size and shape
Neoplasia - ANSWER New growth, commonly a tumor. May be malignant or benign
Apoptosis - ANSWER Programmed cell death, normal occurrence in the body
Ischemia - ANSWER Deficit of oxygen in the cells
Hypoxia - ANSWER Reduced oxygen in the tissues
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, Iatrogenic - ANSWER illness or disease process because a medical process was done ex:
CAUTI
Autosomal Recessive Disorders - ANSWER Has to have two recessive genes to have dis-
ease, only one recessive gene to be carrier ex: Cystic fibrosis, PKU (phenylketonuria), Tay-
Sachs
Cystic fibrosis - ANSWER autosomal recessive disorder that causes thick mucous secre-
tions
PKU (phenylketonuria) - ANSWER autosomal recessive disorder that causes an inability to
metabolize phenylalanine. Can cause mental retardation. Pt must follow strict very low pro-
tein diet
Tay-Sachs - ANSWER autosomal recessive disorder that causes an enzyme to not be pro-
duced causing fatty proteins build up causing destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spi-
nal cord
Autosomal Dominant Disorders - ANSWER Only takes one gene for disease to show.
There are no carriers, either have disease or don't. Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's, Familial
Hypercholesterolemia
Marfan Syndrome - ANSWER Autosomal Dominant Disorder, causes long extremities,
congenital heart defects
Huntington's Disease - ANSWER Autosomal Dominant Disorder, nerve cells break down
over time, causing involuntary movements
Familial Hypercholesterolemia - ANSWER Autosomal Dominant Disorder, high cholesterol
X-Linked Disorders - ANSWER Disorder carried on the x chromosome
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Pathogenesis - ANSWER Story of how disease develops
Atrophy - ANSWER Decrease in the size of the cells, results in reduced tissue mass
Hypertrophy - ANSWER Increase in cell size, results in enlarged tissue mass
Hyperplasia - ANSWER Increased number of cells, results in enlarged tissue mass
Metaplasia - ANSWER Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type, Ex:
chronic smokers, cells lose cilia
Dysplasia - ANSWER Cells are different looking varying in size and shape
Neoplasia - ANSWER New growth, commonly a tumor. May be malignant or benign
Apoptosis - ANSWER Programmed cell death, normal occurrence in the body
Ischemia - ANSWER Deficit of oxygen in the cells
Hypoxia - ANSWER Reduced oxygen in the tissues
1
, Iatrogenic - ANSWER illness or disease process because a medical process was done ex:
CAUTI
Autosomal Recessive Disorders - ANSWER Has to have two recessive genes to have dis-
ease, only one recessive gene to be carrier ex: Cystic fibrosis, PKU (phenylketonuria), Tay-
Sachs
Cystic fibrosis - ANSWER autosomal recessive disorder that causes thick mucous secre-
tions
PKU (phenylketonuria) - ANSWER autosomal recessive disorder that causes an inability to
metabolize phenylalanine. Can cause mental retardation. Pt must follow strict very low pro-
tein diet
Tay-Sachs - ANSWER autosomal recessive disorder that causes an enzyme to not be pro-
duced causing fatty proteins build up causing destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spi-
nal cord
Autosomal Dominant Disorders - ANSWER Only takes one gene for disease to show.
There are no carriers, either have disease or don't. Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's, Familial
Hypercholesterolemia
Marfan Syndrome - ANSWER Autosomal Dominant Disorder, causes long extremities,
congenital heart defects
Huntington's Disease - ANSWER Autosomal Dominant Disorder, nerve cells break down
over time, causing involuntary movements
Familial Hypercholesterolemia - ANSWER Autosomal Dominant Disorder, high cholesterol
X-Linked Disorders - ANSWER Disorder carried on the x chromosome
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