PHS Final study Guide Exam and All
Actual Answers.
Which of the following criticisms might be appropriate for the WHO's definition of health?
Choose ALL that apply. - Answer It is unrealistic.
It is difficult to measure.
The major advances in automobile design, road safety, and motor vehicle use policies during the
20th century have resulted in the fact that morbidity and mortality due to motor vehicle
accidents are no longer important public health concerns. - Answer false
The response at the time to the discoveries and recommendations of early epidemiologists
(such as Lind, Jenner, Semmelweis, and Snow) could BEST be characterized as which of the
following? - Answer Ongoing skepticism or disinterest
Which of the following contributed to the "Epidemiologic Transition"? Choose ALL that apply. -
Answer Improvements in water quality, sanitation, and hygiene.
The discovery of antibiotics
The advent of numerous vaccines for common infectious disease
Which of the following are true of epidemiology? Choose ALL that apply. - Answer It can be
used to investigate outbreaks of infectious diseases.
It can be used to determine the risk factors for chronic disease
It can be used to assess the effectiveness of clinical services.
Of the three key types of information used in epidemiologic investigation, which provided the
BEST evidence for Snow's investigation of the outbreak of cholera in Soho in 1854? - Answer
Place of occurrence
Snow's contribution to the understanding of cholera can BEST be characterized as changing the
thinking at that time about which of the following? - Answer The mode of transmission
An epidemiologic study was conducted in which the researchers identified 30 young women
with a particularly aggressive form of breast cancer and 60 cancer-free women of similar age.
Interviewers then asked women about their lifetime exposure to several known carcinogens.
Which of the following describes the study design used in this research? - Answer Case-
control study
, For the investigation of the cyclosporiasis outbreak conducted in the state of New Jersey, a case-
control design was chosen because - Answer The cases did not arise from a well-defined
population
The disease was rare.
Which of the following can result in information bias in an epidemiologic study - Answer
Recall bias
misclassification of disease status
To reduce the possibility of selection bias, researchers might choose a study population that will
be motivated to participate or offer an incentive for participation. - Answer true
outcome
other variable
exposure - Answer continuous enrollment in college
alcohol and tobacco use
marijuana and elicit drug use
A study was conducted in a small private college in New England. The participation rate was
high and few students dropped out of the study. Data on exposure and outcome were
accurately collected, and the researchers took effective steps to minimize the potential impact
of confounding on the findings. Based on this information, which of the following statements is
MOST accurate about the validity of this study? - Answer It is internally valid, but potentially
not externally valid.
Which type of epidemiologic study is LEAST able to provide evidence for the causal criteria of
temporality? Choose the BEST answer. - Answer Cross-sectional study
Which of the following are reasonable conclusions from the research on the health risks of red
meat consumption, based on the course readings and discussion? Choose ALL that apply. -
Answer The impact of red meat specifically is difficult to determine; other related health
behaviors may play a role.
.
While eating red meat may increase the risk of some diseases in the overall population, the risk
for most individuals is low.
Based on the research evidence, those who eat a lot of red meat should consider reducing their
intake.
Actual Answers.
Which of the following criticisms might be appropriate for the WHO's definition of health?
Choose ALL that apply. - Answer It is unrealistic.
It is difficult to measure.
The major advances in automobile design, road safety, and motor vehicle use policies during the
20th century have resulted in the fact that morbidity and mortality due to motor vehicle
accidents are no longer important public health concerns. - Answer false
The response at the time to the discoveries and recommendations of early epidemiologists
(such as Lind, Jenner, Semmelweis, and Snow) could BEST be characterized as which of the
following? - Answer Ongoing skepticism or disinterest
Which of the following contributed to the "Epidemiologic Transition"? Choose ALL that apply. -
Answer Improvements in water quality, sanitation, and hygiene.
The discovery of antibiotics
The advent of numerous vaccines for common infectious disease
Which of the following are true of epidemiology? Choose ALL that apply. - Answer It can be
used to investigate outbreaks of infectious diseases.
It can be used to determine the risk factors for chronic disease
It can be used to assess the effectiveness of clinical services.
Of the three key types of information used in epidemiologic investigation, which provided the
BEST evidence for Snow's investigation of the outbreak of cholera in Soho in 1854? - Answer
Place of occurrence
Snow's contribution to the understanding of cholera can BEST be characterized as changing the
thinking at that time about which of the following? - Answer The mode of transmission
An epidemiologic study was conducted in which the researchers identified 30 young women
with a particularly aggressive form of breast cancer and 60 cancer-free women of similar age.
Interviewers then asked women about their lifetime exposure to several known carcinogens.
Which of the following describes the study design used in this research? - Answer Case-
control study
, For the investigation of the cyclosporiasis outbreak conducted in the state of New Jersey, a case-
control design was chosen because - Answer The cases did not arise from a well-defined
population
The disease was rare.
Which of the following can result in information bias in an epidemiologic study - Answer
Recall bias
misclassification of disease status
To reduce the possibility of selection bias, researchers might choose a study population that will
be motivated to participate or offer an incentive for participation. - Answer true
outcome
other variable
exposure - Answer continuous enrollment in college
alcohol and tobacco use
marijuana and elicit drug use
A study was conducted in a small private college in New England. The participation rate was
high and few students dropped out of the study. Data on exposure and outcome were
accurately collected, and the researchers took effective steps to minimize the potential impact
of confounding on the findings. Based on this information, which of the following statements is
MOST accurate about the validity of this study? - Answer It is internally valid, but potentially
not externally valid.
Which type of epidemiologic study is LEAST able to provide evidence for the causal criteria of
temporality? Choose the BEST answer. - Answer Cross-sectional study
Which of the following are reasonable conclusions from the research on the health risks of red
meat consumption, based on the course readings and discussion? Choose ALL that apply. -
Answer The impact of red meat specifically is difficult to determine; other related health
behaviors may play a role.
.
While eating red meat may increase the risk of some diseases in the overall population, the risk
for most individuals is low.
Based on the research evidence, those who eat a lot of red meat should consider reducing their
intake.
