NTR 450 Exam 2 Questions With Accurate
Answers A+ Graded
What is lactogenesis? What occurs in the three stages? - ANSWER Term for
human milk production
1st stage: birth to 2-5 days, milk formation begins, lactose and protein content
increase
2nd stage: 2-5 days after birth, increased blood flow, when milk "comes in"
3rd stage: 10 days after birth, milk composition becomes stable
Describe the roles and functions of prolactin and oxytocin. - ANSWER Prolactin:
stimulates milk production, released in response to suckling, sleep & sexual
intercourse
Oxytocin: stimulates letdown, tingling of the breast may occur corresponding to
contractions in milk duct, causes uterus to contract, seal blood vessels, &
shrink in size
What can affect the composition of breastmilk? - ANSWER Only food needed by
majority of infants for about 6 months
-over a single feeding
-over a day
-based on age of infant
-presence of infection in the breast
-with menses
-maternal nutrition status
What is colostrum? What benefits does it provide to the newborn? - ANSWER
The first milk secreted during the first few days postpartum
-very high in proteins
Ex. secretory IgA, lactoferrin
Describe the composition of breastmilk, including energy, water, fat, protein,
carbohydrate and micronutrient content. - ANSWER Energy: 0.65kcal/mL,
20kcal/oz (17.9-23.6 kcal/oz)
-lower in kcal than human milk substitute
Water: major component, isotonic with maternal plasma
Lipids: effect of maternal diet on fat composition. fatty acid profile reflects
dietary intake of mother, very low fat diet with adequate CHO & protein, milk is
increased in medium-chain fatty acids , DHA (essential for retinal development,
associated with higher IQ score), trans fatty acids (present in human milk from
maternal diet), cholesterol (higher in human milk than HMS, early consumption
, through breast milk appears to be related to lower blood cholesterol levels later
in life),
Proteins: (total-lower than in whole cow's milk, antiviral and antimicrobial
effects), Casein (main protein in mature human milk, calcium absorption, Whey
(soluable protein that precipitates by acid or enzyme, includes lactoferrin, an
iron carrier, Non-protein nitrogen (20-25% nitrogen in human milk, used to make
non-essential amino acids) Carbs: lactose (dominant CHO, enhances calcium
absorption), Oligosaccharides (a medium-length CHO, growth of bifidus
bacteria, prevent binding of pathogenic microorganisms to gut, which prevents
infection & diarrhea
Vitamin A: (content in colostrum 2x mature milk, yellow color from beta-
carotene) Vitamin D: most as 25-OH2 Vit D and D3. content reflective of mother's
diet and exposure to sun
Vitamin E: linked to milk's fat content, level not adequate to meet needs of
preterm infants
Vitamin K: 5% of breastfed infants @ risk for K deficiency based on clotting
factors, infants who did not receive K injection @ birth may be deficient
How does the maternal diet affect the taste of breastmilk? What is the impact of
breastmilk taste on infants? - ANSWER Flavor of foods influences taste of breast
milk, infant is more interested if flavor is new, infants response to flavor depends
on: length of tie since food consumed, amount and frequency, exposure to a
variety of flavors may contribute to infant's interest & acceptance of new flavors
in solid foods
Describe the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and infants. - ANSWER
hormonal, physical, psychological, nutritional: meets infant's needs w/o
overloading the kidneys, immunological: protects GI tract, lower infant mortality,
fewer acute illnesses, Reduction in chronic illnesses: reduce risk of celiac
disease, IBS, leukemia, reduce risk of allergies and asthmatic disease.
Overweight: typically breastfed infants are leaner at 1 yr of age. Cognitive
benefits: increase in cognition, Analgesic: reduction of infant pain,
Socioeconomic: decreased need for medical care
How is breastmilk supply and demand regulated? Does breast size and breast
augmentation affect a women's ability to breastfeed? - ANSWER -450-1200
ml/day, synthesis is related to infant demand, size of breast does NOT limit
women's ability to nurse, no evidence of toxicity from silicone
What are some reasons for using a breast pump? What's important for helping to
establish the milk supply? - ANSWER for feeding later once returning to work, to
stimulate low milk supply or for those who have not just given birth, 8-12
expressions may be required per day
Describe the gag, oral and rooting reflexes. What other factors are important for
successful breastfeeding? - ANSWER Gag: prevents infant from taking food into
Answers A+ Graded
What is lactogenesis? What occurs in the three stages? - ANSWER Term for
human milk production
1st stage: birth to 2-5 days, milk formation begins, lactose and protein content
increase
2nd stage: 2-5 days after birth, increased blood flow, when milk "comes in"
3rd stage: 10 days after birth, milk composition becomes stable
Describe the roles and functions of prolactin and oxytocin. - ANSWER Prolactin:
stimulates milk production, released in response to suckling, sleep & sexual
intercourse
Oxytocin: stimulates letdown, tingling of the breast may occur corresponding to
contractions in milk duct, causes uterus to contract, seal blood vessels, &
shrink in size
What can affect the composition of breastmilk? - ANSWER Only food needed by
majority of infants for about 6 months
-over a single feeding
-over a day
-based on age of infant
-presence of infection in the breast
-with menses
-maternal nutrition status
What is colostrum? What benefits does it provide to the newborn? - ANSWER
The first milk secreted during the first few days postpartum
-very high in proteins
Ex. secretory IgA, lactoferrin
Describe the composition of breastmilk, including energy, water, fat, protein,
carbohydrate and micronutrient content. - ANSWER Energy: 0.65kcal/mL,
20kcal/oz (17.9-23.6 kcal/oz)
-lower in kcal than human milk substitute
Water: major component, isotonic with maternal plasma
Lipids: effect of maternal diet on fat composition. fatty acid profile reflects
dietary intake of mother, very low fat diet with adequate CHO & protein, milk is
increased in medium-chain fatty acids , DHA (essential for retinal development,
associated with higher IQ score), trans fatty acids (present in human milk from
maternal diet), cholesterol (higher in human milk than HMS, early consumption
, through breast milk appears to be related to lower blood cholesterol levels later
in life),
Proteins: (total-lower than in whole cow's milk, antiviral and antimicrobial
effects), Casein (main protein in mature human milk, calcium absorption, Whey
(soluable protein that precipitates by acid or enzyme, includes lactoferrin, an
iron carrier, Non-protein nitrogen (20-25% nitrogen in human milk, used to make
non-essential amino acids) Carbs: lactose (dominant CHO, enhances calcium
absorption), Oligosaccharides (a medium-length CHO, growth of bifidus
bacteria, prevent binding of pathogenic microorganisms to gut, which prevents
infection & diarrhea
Vitamin A: (content in colostrum 2x mature milk, yellow color from beta-
carotene) Vitamin D: most as 25-OH2 Vit D and D3. content reflective of mother's
diet and exposure to sun
Vitamin E: linked to milk's fat content, level not adequate to meet needs of
preterm infants
Vitamin K: 5% of breastfed infants @ risk for K deficiency based on clotting
factors, infants who did not receive K injection @ birth may be deficient
How does the maternal diet affect the taste of breastmilk? What is the impact of
breastmilk taste on infants? - ANSWER Flavor of foods influences taste of breast
milk, infant is more interested if flavor is new, infants response to flavor depends
on: length of tie since food consumed, amount and frequency, exposure to a
variety of flavors may contribute to infant's interest & acceptance of new flavors
in solid foods
Describe the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and infants. - ANSWER
hormonal, physical, psychological, nutritional: meets infant's needs w/o
overloading the kidneys, immunological: protects GI tract, lower infant mortality,
fewer acute illnesses, Reduction in chronic illnesses: reduce risk of celiac
disease, IBS, leukemia, reduce risk of allergies and asthmatic disease.
Overweight: typically breastfed infants are leaner at 1 yr of age. Cognitive
benefits: increase in cognition, Analgesic: reduction of infant pain,
Socioeconomic: decreased need for medical care
How is breastmilk supply and demand regulated? Does breast size and breast
augmentation affect a women's ability to breastfeed? - ANSWER -450-1200
ml/day, synthesis is related to infant demand, size of breast does NOT limit
women's ability to nurse, no evidence of toxicity from silicone
What are some reasons for using a breast pump? What's important for helping to
establish the milk supply? - ANSWER for feeding later once returning to work, to
stimulate low milk supply or for those who have not just given birth, 8-12
expressions may be required per day
Describe the gag, oral and rooting reflexes. What other factors are important for
successful breastfeeding? - ANSWER Gag: prevents infant from taking food into
