Portage Pathophysiology Module 2 Questions
and Answers 100% Correct
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Terms in this set (126)
- second leading cause of death in the United States
cancer
- unregulated growth of abnormal cells.
- means "new growth."
neoplasia - disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
- new growth itself is neoplasm
process of cell division, is an adaptive process for
Proliferation, new cell growth to replace old cells or when
additional cells are needed.
process by which cells become more specialized with
Differentiation
each mitotic division.
eliminates senescent (old), damaged, or unwanted
Apoptosis
cells through a process of controlled cell death.
encode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate
Proto-oncogenes
through a tightly regulated process
encode proteins that inhibit cell growth and signal
tumor suppressor genes
(when necessary) for apoptosis
, - process by which a cell duplicates its genetic
information and divides between two genetically
identical daughter cells,
- four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
G1 (gap 1): DNA synthesis stops while the cell enlarges
and both RNA and protein synthesis begins.
S phase: DNA synthesis occurs, producing two
separate sets of chromosomes, one for each daughter
cell.
G2 (gap 2): DNA synthesis again stops while
RNA/protein synthesis continues. These first three
phases are referred to as interphase.
cell cycle
M phase: consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA)
and cytoplasmic division. Continually dividing cells,
like the skin's squamous epithelium, continue to cycle
from one mitotic division to the next, while some cells
go into a resting state known as G0. A resting phase
(G0) may occur when nutrients or growth factors are
unavailable or when highly specialized cells first leave
the cell cycle. Cells in G0 may then re-enter the cell
cycle when nutrients become available, or the cell
receives stimuli via growth factors, hormones, or other
signals that trigger cell growth, such as blood loss or
tissue injury. Notably, highly specialized and terminally
differentiated cells, like neurons, may permanently
stay in G0
a means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the
cell is ready to proceed to the next phase. If not, the
cycle is halted and allowed to complete its replication
cell cycle checkpoints
or even repair any DNA damage (when detected),
thereby ensuring all the genetic information is passed
on correctly.
, process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
Cell proliferation
division
1. gametes (ovum and sperm)
- haploid, one set of chromosomes from one parent
Human cell categories:
-when fuse, become diploid somatic cells
2. somatic (non-reproductive) cells.
(1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal
and cardiac muscles that rarely divide and reproduce;
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide
3 groups of cells that
and reproduce, such as blood, skin, and liver cells;
proliferate:
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell
cycle and produce large numbers of progenitor cells
if needed.
process by which cells become more specialized in
both their structure and function.
- resulting adult cell has a specific set of
characteristics relative to its composition, function,
and turnover (lifespan) rates.
Cell differentiation
-example: generalized blood-forming cells in the
bone marrow differentiate into specialized adult red
blood cells programmed to develop into concave
disks and serve as an oxygen transport for about
three months.
When specialized cells are unable to divide, these cell
populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the
same lineage that are still able to divide. Such cells
progenitor or parent cells are not yet fully differentiated to the same extent as
mature specialized cells and yet are differentiated
enough to give rise to daughter cells of the same
lineage.
and Answers 100% Correct
Save
Terms in this set (126)
- second leading cause of death in the United States
cancer
- unregulated growth of abnormal cells.
- means "new growth."
neoplasia - disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
- new growth itself is neoplasm
process of cell division, is an adaptive process for
Proliferation, new cell growth to replace old cells or when
additional cells are needed.
process by which cells become more specialized with
Differentiation
each mitotic division.
eliminates senescent (old), damaged, or unwanted
Apoptosis
cells through a process of controlled cell death.
encode proteins that signal for the cell to proliferate
Proto-oncogenes
through a tightly regulated process
encode proteins that inhibit cell growth and signal
tumor suppressor genes
(when necessary) for apoptosis
, - process by which a cell duplicates its genetic
information and divides between two genetically
identical daughter cells,
- four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
G1 (gap 1): DNA synthesis stops while the cell enlarges
and both RNA and protein synthesis begins.
S phase: DNA synthesis occurs, producing two
separate sets of chromosomes, one for each daughter
cell.
G2 (gap 2): DNA synthesis again stops while
RNA/protein synthesis continues. These first three
phases are referred to as interphase.
cell cycle
M phase: consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA)
and cytoplasmic division. Continually dividing cells,
like the skin's squamous epithelium, continue to cycle
from one mitotic division to the next, while some cells
go into a resting state known as G0. A resting phase
(G0) may occur when nutrients or growth factors are
unavailable or when highly specialized cells first leave
the cell cycle. Cells in G0 may then re-enter the cell
cycle when nutrients become available, or the cell
receives stimuli via growth factors, hormones, or other
signals that trigger cell growth, such as blood loss or
tissue injury. Notably, highly specialized and terminally
differentiated cells, like neurons, may permanently
stay in G0
a means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the
cell is ready to proceed to the next phase. If not, the
cycle is halted and allowed to complete its replication
cell cycle checkpoints
or even repair any DNA damage (when detected),
thereby ensuring all the genetic information is passed
on correctly.
, process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
Cell proliferation
division
1. gametes (ovum and sperm)
- haploid, one set of chromosomes from one parent
Human cell categories:
-when fuse, become diploid somatic cells
2. somatic (non-reproductive) cells.
(1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal
and cardiac muscles that rarely divide and reproduce;
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide
3 groups of cells that
and reproduce, such as blood, skin, and liver cells;
proliferate:
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell
cycle and produce large numbers of progenitor cells
if needed.
process by which cells become more specialized in
both their structure and function.
- resulting adult cell has a specific set of
characteristics relative to its composition, function,
and turnover (lifespan) rates.
Cell differentiation
-example: generalized blood-forming cells in the
bone marrow differentiate into specialized adult red
blood cells programmed to develop into concave
disks and serve as an oxygen transport for about
three months.
When specialized cells are unable to divide, these cell
populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the
same lineage that are still able to divide. Such cells
progenitor or parent cells are not yet fully differentiated to the same extent as
mature specialized cells and yet are differentiated
enough to give rise to daughter cells of the same
lineage.
