WGU D312 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
OBJECTIVE EVALUATION PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Renal medulla. Answer: made up of cone-shaped structures called
renal pyramids, and the primary purpose of these structures is to
maintain the proper balance of salt and water in the blood. The bases of
the pyramids border the renal cortex, and their apex points face the renal
hilum, which is the region where blood vessels and the ureter attach to
the kidney.
⩥ Renal Lobe. Answer: consists of one renal pyramid with its
surrounding renal cortex, including one half of both adjacent renal
columns.
⩥ Two major sections of the nephron. Answer: Corpuscle and tubule.
The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, and the renal tubule
contains the proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, and the distal
convoluted tubule.
⩥ Glomerulus. Answer: Function is filtration, The glomerulus is a
capillary network found in the renal corpuscle, the first section of the
nephron where plasma is filtered from the blood into the nephron tubule.
Proteins and blood cells are retained in the glomerular capillary.
,⩥ Renal tubule or loop of Henle. Answer: Function is reabsorption,
Epithelial cells actively transport some substances from the tubular fluid
back into blood. Other substances, such as water, are passively
reabsorbed in some segments.
⩥ Capillaries specifically Peritubular. Answer: Function is secretion,
Epithelial cells actively secrete certain substances from the blood into
the tubular lumen.
⩥ Collecting duct. Answer: Function is collection, Accumulates any
material that is not returned to blood in the preceding segments. Secretes
or reabsorbs H+, HCO3+, and K+ ions. Reabsorbs water under the
influence of anti-diuretic hormone. Anything left in the distal end of the
collecting duct will be excreted as urine.
⩥ Renal corpuscle. Answer: Made up of a tangled capillary network
called a glomerulus and a cup-shaped structure called the glomerular
capsule surrounding the glomerulus.
⩥ Lipid. Answer: Group of molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols,
fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K, monoglycerides,
diglycerides, triglycerides and phospholipids. Main functions of lipids
include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of
cell membranes.
, ⩥ Phospholipid. Answer: Any of a group of compounds composed of
fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and a nitrogenous base: important
constituents of all membranes Also called phosphatide
⩥ Protein. Answer: Class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist
of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids,
an essential part of all living organisms as structural components of body
tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, and as enzymes and antibodies.
⩥ Enzymes. Answer: Protein macromolecules with a defined amino acid
sequence, and are typically 100-500 amino acids long.
They have a defined three-dimensional structure and are linked together
via amide or peptide bonds in a linear chain.
⩥ Amino Acid. Answer: any of a class of organic compounds that
contains at least one amino group, -NH 2, and one carboxyl group, -
COOH: the alpha-amino acids, RCH(NH 2)COOH, are the building
blocks from which proteins are constructed.
⩥ Brainstem. Answer: Relays messages between spinal cord and brain,
from brainstem cranial nerves to cerebrum. Helps control heart rate,
breathing rate, blood pressure. Involved with hearing, taste, other senses.
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and reticular formation are part of
the brainstem.
OBJECTIVE EVALUATION PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Renal medulla. Answer: made up of cone-shaped structures called
renal pyramids, and the primary purpose of these structures is to
maintain the proper balance of salt and water in the blood. The bases of
the pyramids border the renal cortex, and their apex points face the renal
hilum, which is the region where blood vessels and the ureter attach to
the kidney.
⩥ Renal Lobe. Answer: consists of one renal pyramid with its
surrounding renal cortex, including one half of both adjacent renal
columns.
⩥ Two major sections of the nephron. Answer: Corpuscle and tubule.
The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, and the renal tubule
contains the proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, and the distal
convoluted tubule.
⩥ Glomerulus. Answer: Function is filtration, The glomerulus is a
capillary network found in the renal corpuscle, the first section of the
nephron where plasma is filtered from the blood into the nephron tubule.
Proteins and blood cells are retained in the glomerular capillary.
,⩥ Renal tubule or loop of Henle. Answer: Function is reabsorption,
Epithelial cells actively transport some substances from the tubular fluid
back into blood. Other substances, such as water, are passively
reabsorbed in some segments.
⩥ Capillaries specifically Peritubular. Answer: Function is secretion,
Epithelial cells actively secrete certain substances from the blood into
the tubular lumen.
⩥ Collecting duct. Answer: Function is collection, Accumulates any
material that is not returned to blood in the preceding segments. Secretes
or reabsorbs H+, HCO3+, and K+ ions. Reabsorbs water under the
influence of anti-diuretic hormone. Anything left in the distal end of the
collecting duct will be excreted as urine.
⩥ Renal corpuscle. Answer: Made up of a tangled capillary network
called a glomerulus and a cup-shaped structure called the glomerular
capsule surrounding the glomerulus.
⩥ Lipid. Answer: Group of molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols,
fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K, monoglycerides,
diglycerides, triglycerides and phospholipids. Main functions of lipids
include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of
cell membranes.
, ⩥ Phospholipid. Answer: Any of a group of compounds composed of
fatty acids, phosphoric acid, and a nitrogenous base: important
constituents of all membranes Also called phosphatide
⩥ Protein. Answer: Class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist
of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids,
an essential part of all living organisms as structural components of body
tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, and as enzymes and antibodies.
⩥ Enzymes. Answer: Protein macromolecules with a defined amino acid
sequence, and are typically 100-500 amino acids long.
They have a defined three-dimensional structure and are linked together
via amide or peptide bonds in a linear chain.
⩥ Amino Acid. Answer: any of a class of organic compounds that
contains at least one amino group, -NH 2, and one carboxyl group, -
COOH: the alpha-amino acids, RCH(NH 2)COOH, are the building
blocks from which proteins are constructed.
⩥ Brainstem. Answer: Relays messages between spinal cord and brain,
from brainstem cranial nerves to cerebrum. Helps control heart rate,
breathing rate, blood pressure. Involved with hearing, taste, other senses.
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and reticular formation are part of
the brainstem.
