PRN1409 / PRN 1409 Exam 3 | Client-Centered Care III Review | Verified Questions & Answers | (Latest 2026/2027 Update)100% Correct Solutions | Grade A | Rasmussen

PRN1409 / PRN 1409 Exam 3 | Client-Centered Care III Review | Verified Questions & Answers | (Latest 2026/2027 Update)100% Correct Solutions | Grade A | Rasmussen Q: True or False: All deuterostomes have bilateral symmetry. Answer True Q: Which are the simplest animals that lack tissue? Answer Sponges (phylum Porifera) Q: Roundworms, annelids, and mollusks share what feature(s)? Answer Bilateral symmetry and Pseudocoelom Q: A fluid-filled body cavity that forms completely within the mesoderm of animals is a Answer coelom Q: When examining a picture of a butterfly, you notice that there is one position in which a mirror, running from one end of the butterfly to the other, completes the image as a whole butterfly. You conclude that the butterfly has Answer bilateral symmetry. Q: A vertebrate is an animal that Answer has a backbone Q: Which of the following characteristics do all animals share? Answer They are multicellular eukaryotes Q: The embryonic germ layer of tissue in animals that develops into the skin and nervous system is the Answer ectoderm Q: Which of the following is not an animal? Answer Mushroom Q: Sponges belong to the phylum Answer Porifera Q: Cnidarian bodies are one of two forms. A(n) ______ consists of a sessile stalk with tentacles on one end. A(n) ______ is a free-swimming, bell-shaped, "tentacles-down" body form with a single opening forming the mouth. Answer polyp; medusa Q: Flukes and tapeworms belong to the phylum Answer Platyhelminthes Q: A circulatory system that keeps blood confined within vessels after leaving the heart is a(n) Answer closed circulatory system Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of annelids? Answer cephalization Q: Pinworms and hookworms belong to the phylum Answer Nematoda Q: A circulatory system in which the heart pumps fluid to tissues throughout the body cavity is a(n) Answer open circulatory system. Q: The most successful phylum with regards to diversity and numbers is Answer Arthropods Q: Sea cucumbers and sea urchins belong to the phylum Answer Echinodermata Q: You are given temperature data showing that a newly discovered animal has the same body temperature as long as the temperature of the room in which the animal is found remains constant. When the room temperature varies, the animal shows a similar variation in its temperature. You are looking at data from a(n) Answer ectotherm Q: A bony or cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the brain of chordates is a(n) Answer cranium Q: What was most key in the transition of fish into amphibians? Answer both lungs and limbs Q: You are helping to prepare images for a textbook when you see a caption saying "first land vertebrates," so you look for pictures of Answer amphibians. Q: Which of the following is a lobe-finned fish? Answer lungfish Q: Which of the following is an amphibian? Answer lizard Q: Which Chordates are jawless fish? Answer lamprey and hagfish Q: Characteristics shared by primates include Answer All answers are correct -flat nails instead of claws -grasping hands with opposable thumbs -binocular vision and excellent depth perception -large brain size in comparison to body size Q: A skeleton has a foramen magnum tucked beneath the skull; this indicates that the skeletal remains are of a Answer Human Q: The closest living relatives to humans on the evolutionary tree are Answer Chimpanzees Q: Roundworms, annelids, and mollusks share what feature(s)? Answer Bilateral and protostome Q: The most successful phylim with regards to diversity and numbers is Answer Arthropods Q: _________ are a group of mammals that includes humans, apes, monkeys, and lemurs. Answer Primates Q: taste and smell receptors are Answer chemoreceptors Q: The part of ear that is located in the inner part of the ear is Answer Cochlea Q: Which animal classes do not have lungs? Answer Osteichthyes Q: A body system that controls growth and homeostasis by secreting hormones from glands Answer Endocrine system Q: What does the cerebrum control? Answer Controls thoughts and voluntary actions Q: When blood glucose is high, the negative feedback mechanism is to produce which hormone? Answer Insulin Q: What type of stimuli does hearing detect? Answer Vibration A receptor that detects light and darkness is called... Answer Photoreceptor The function of pinna is Answer To collect sound Which are the main divisions of the nervous system? Answer Peripheral and Central This type of tissue lines the internal organs and covers the outside of the body as skin Answer Epithelial Muscles present in the heart are Answer -Cardiac muscle -Striated muscle Which neurons carry messages from the brain to the body? Motor neuron The process in which an organism's body temperature is regulated externally. Includes your fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Ectothermic Which of the animal classes do not have jaws? Agnatha Platyhelminthes are best described as Flatworms, triploblastic, acoelomate animals Mollusks include snails, slugs, clams, squids, and octopus Lens Focuses the light Homeostasis Is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment and often incorporates a form of feedback regulation. When you get cut, your skin cells release hormones that signal platelets to come and stop the bleeding. Platelets then release more hormones that signal even more platelets to help stop bleeding. The hormone signals continue until the cut is closed. Positive Feedback response This phylum is made of segmented worms Annelida Which animal phylum contains: Jellyfish, corals, and anemones? Cnidaria Which animal class has feathers and low density bones? Birds What is a nerve cell? Neuron Which are endothermic? Aves and mammals Characteristics that apply to all mammals -Produce milk for young -Skin is covered in hair or fur If the environment gets cold, we will often shiver in order to: Increase body temperature The connective tissue that connects bones at the joints is Ligament A body system that controls and coordinates all body activities through electric impulses/messages between brain, spinal cord and nerves Nervous system These vertebrates live on land and water. They undergo metamorphosis and must lay their eggs in water. Amphibians What is the central nervous system made of? Brain and spinal cord Fat is stored in this tissue Adipose tissue regulates the amount of light entering the eye and gives the eye its color Iris __________ (Forward-looking eyes) provide depth perception and enable primates to judge distance and movement of an object. Binocular vision This type of tissue includes ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. Connective tissue Which animal has a swim bladder? Osteichthyes (Bony fish) _______ are primates that only include humans and species closely related to present-day humans. Humans are the only species of this type of primates that is surviving today. Hominins A scientist has encountered a new organism in the kingdom Animalia with the following characteristics: jointed legs, exoskeleton, segmented body, and bilateral symmetry. What is it? Arthropoda Organisms, like sponges, lacking body tissue and body symmetry belong to which phylum? Porifera Which animal phylum/phyla is/are characterized by the lack of tissues? Porifera Which animal phylum/phyla is/are characterized by radial symmetry? -Cnidaria -Echinodermata Which animal phylum/phyla is/are triploblastic? -Platyhelminthes -Mollusca Which animal phylum/phyla develops an anus first and a mouth afterwards? -Echinodermata -Chordata Which animal phylum/phyla is/are protostomes? -Platyhelminthes -Mollusca -Nematoda -Annelida -Arthropoda Which animal phylum/phyla is/are pseudocoelomates? Nematoda Which animal phylum/phyla is/are acoelomates? Platyhelminthes Which animal phylum/phyla is/are coelomates? Which animal phylum/phyla is/are characterized by segmentation? _Annelida -Arthropoda -Chordata Which animal phylum/phyla is/are characterized by endoskeletons? -Echinodermata -Chordata Which animal phylum/phyla is/are characterized by a water vascular system? Echinodermata Which animal phylum/phyla is/are characterized by exoskeletons made of chitin? Arthropoda Which animal phylum have stinging cells called cnidocytes? Cnideria Which animal phylum contains a structure called notochord? Chordata Jaws first appeared in which group of vertebrates? Cartilaginous fish Which group was the first to live a portion of their lives on land? Amphibians Which group(s) are classified as tetrapods? -Amphibians -Reptiles -Birds -Mammals Which Chordata group was first to live their entire lives on land? Reptiles Which Chordata group has hair/fur? Mammals Which Chordata group(s) are endothermic? Which Chordata group is classified as amniotes? -Reptiles -Birds -Mammals Which Chordata group(s) have a swim bladder and opercula? -Ray-finned Bonny fish -Lobe-finned Bony fish In which group would you find these animals: tuna, salmon, red snapper, and clownfish? Ray-finned Bony fish In which group below would you find the following animals: frogs, toads, salamanders? Amphibians In which group below would you find the following animals: turtles, lizards, and snakes? Reptiles In which Chordata group would you find kangaroos, echidnas, and lions in? Mammals Class Reptilia Crocodrylia, Squamata, Chelonia Phylum Arthropoda -Crustacea -Myriopoda -Chelicerata -Hexapoda Phylum Mollusca gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods Class Amphibia Anura, Cuadata, Apoda Which type of photoreceptor provide us with black and white vision? Rod cells Which type of sensory receptors are used to sense taste and smell? Chemoreceptors Which type of sensory receptors responds to light? photoreceptors Which type of sensory receptors responds to sound, touch, or pressure? Mechanoreceptors Which part of the brain plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis? Hypothalamus Which part of the brain controls breathing, blood pressure, and heartbeat? Medulla oblongata Which part of the brain controls posture, balance, and helps coordinate muscle movements? Cerebellum The ______ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord? Central The ______ nervous system carries signals from the brain to voluntary (skeletal) muscles. Somatic Which part of a neuron sends (transmits) electrical impulses? Axons Which type of neuron sends a message from the CNS (central nervous system) to a muscle or a gland? Motor neuron What are the chemicals released by "sending" neurons, cross the synapse, and creates an action potential in the "receiving" neuron? Neurotransmitters Which type of nervous tissue cells are involved in sending and receiving electrochemical signals? Neurons Some of the functions of _______ are: long-term energy storage, insulation, and cushioning of internal organs. Adipose tissue (a type of connective tissue) Which part of a neuron receives electrical impulses? Dendrites Which type of tissue is involved in communication by sending and receiving electrochemical signals throughout the body? Nervous tissue Which type of connective tissue provides flexible support and is maintained by chondrocytes? Cartilage Which type of connective tissue provides support and is produced by osteoblasts and maintained by osteocytes? Bone Which type of connective tissue has a fluid matrix? Blood Which type of blood cell promotes clotting to prevent the loss of blood? Thrombocytes (platelets) Which type of muscle lacks striations and is involuntary? Smooth muscle A single layer of rectangular cells lining the surface of a body cavity would be called Simple columnar epithelium Which group of human species is the only extant (living) species of humans? Homo sapiens Which type of muscle is striated and voluntary? Skeletal muscle Which of the following groups of human species is considered as one of the three "modern" human species? A. Australopithecus B. Homo Erectus C. Homo neanderthalensis C. Homo neanderthalensis Which group of humans was the earliest/oldest according to the fossil record? Australopithecus Hominoids Apes and humans Which term below includes only humans and their direct ancestors? A. Hominins B. Primates C. Hominids A. Hominins Which animals have binocular vision and grasping fingers and toes? Primates A lemur is an example of Prosimians Which group of mammals have a short gestation time, give birth to live young, and allow their young to finish developing in an external pouch? Marsupials Which group of mammals lay eggs? Monotremes In conductive deafness, the middle ear fails to move sound to the inner ear. By amplifying sounds in the auditory canal, the hearing aid moves the ________ more than normal, helping the person hear more clearly. Eardrum In the cochlea, sound is transmitted into nerve signals that reach the brain through mechanoreceptors Working with a patient with eye problems, you discover that the patient cannot focus images. You suspect that there may be a defect in the... Lens The size of the opening for light coming into the eye is regulated by the Iris In humans, if you wanted to eliminate the ability to smell dung, which type of receptor should be changed? Chemoreceptor What is detected with the general senses? a tap on the shoulder IF asked to point to the place on a model of the brain where essential functions such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and swallowing are regulated, you would point to the Medulla oblongata Which is not controlled by the nervous system? A. Breathing B. Diffusion of water into cells C. Heartbeat B. Diffusion of water into cells The rounded part of a neuron containing the nucleus and mitochondria is the Cell body Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter released into neuromuscular synapses. Patients with Parkinson disease have decreased dopamine and therefore will exhibit Hyperactive voluntary movements The tissue types that acts as a lining of organs, serves in absorption and secretion, and also conducts gas diffusion is Epithelial Organ systems involved in communication Nervous system and Endocrine system Organ systems involved in acquiring energy -Digestive system -Circulatory system -Respiratory system Organ systems involved in protection -Urinary system -Immune and lymphatic systems -Integumentary system Organ systems involved in support and movement Skeletal system and muscular system Which phylum/phyla is/are characterized by Bilateral symmetry? -Platyhelminthes -Nematoda -Mollusca -Annelida -Arthropoda -Chordata Animals may have been related to aquatic protist called? Choanoflagellates Four characteristics of chordates -a notochord. -a dorsal hollow nerve cord. -pharyngeal slits. -postanal tail. Evolution - How an organism's DNA changes over time - Works with the basic principle of natural selection Natural selection A particular phenotype has some sort of advantage Artificial selection - Human modifying species by selecting individuals with desired traits an using as breeding stock - Ex: Dogs breeds, cats, vegetables, grains Who wrote On the Origin of Species and when? Charles Darwin in 1859 Darwin's main idea #1 - Natural selection is differential to success in reproduction - There is an unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce Darwin's main idea #2 Natural selection occurs through an interaction between the environment and the variability inherent among the individual organisms making up a population Darwin's main idea #3 The product of natural selection is the adaptation of populations of organisms to their environment How long does it take for natural selection to occur? A lifetime How long does it take for evolution to occur? Generations Problems with natural selection - Evolution is limited by historical constrains - Adaptations are often compromises - Not all evolution is adaptive; it's random chance - Selection can only edit existing variations Directional selection - One extreme phenotype is fittest, so natural selection selects that phenotype - Ex: Moth colors Disruptive selection - Two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than an intermediate phenotype - Ex: Snail colors Stabilizing selection - The intermediate phenotype is fitter than either extreme phenotype - Ex: Human birth weight Heterozygote advantage same alleles - Ex: Carrier for sickle cell anemia Sexual dimorphism - Where there are major differences in the secondary sexual characteristics of males and females - Ex: Male peacocks INTRAsexual selection - Direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the other sex - Male deer battle other male deer for does INTERsexual selection - Individuals of one sex choose their mates - Female peacocks choose males Population genetics There is extensive genetic variation within populations Population Individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area Gene pool All alleles of all genes of all individuals in a population at any given time Allele frequency How often a particular allele appears in a population MICROevolution - Generation to generation change in a population's allele frequency (small scale) Mutation A change in an organism's DNA Genetic drift A change in a population's allele frequencies due to chance Bottleneck effect - Genetic drift due to a drastic reduction in population size - Usually reduces genetic variability - Ex: Cheetahs are all genetically similar Founder effect Genetic drift due to colonization by a limited number of individuals Gene flow Genetic drift due to migration of selected individuals Types of genetic variations - Mutations - Sexual recombination - Crossing over MACROevolution Large scale evolution above the level of species Palentology The study of fossil remains Geologic time scale Divides the Earth's history into eras defined by major geologic or biological events Fossil - Preserved remains of plants, animals, and other organisms from the distant past - Allows paleontologists to test predictions about evolution Compression Sedimentary rock compresses a specimen into the rock Impression Organism presses against soft sediment leaving an impression in the mud, the animal decays away, and the surrounding mud hardens to rock Cast Organism presses into soft mud, makes an impression, decays away, the impression fills with mud, which hardens to rock Petrification Animal is buried in mud, water containing minerals seeps through, and organic matter is replaced by minerals Intact preservation Oozing sap engulfs an insect and then hardens int amber Relative dating Assigns a date to a fossil based on the geologic layer it was found in or based on what other fossils were around it Radiometric dating Uses radioactive isotopes to measure how old something is Isotopes Elements that have different mass numbers and hence different numbers of neutrons Radioactive isotopes Unstable isotopes Half life The time it takes for half of the radioactive materials to decay Geology Study of the Earth and rocks Pangaea One continent 200 million years ago Marsupials - Mammals that embryonic development in a pouch - Ex: Kangaroo and Koala Homologous structures - Many diverse critters have similar structures - The bone structure of most mammals are similar - Most digestive organs are the same Vestigial structures - Structures that serve no purpose in a critter - Ex: Appendix, molar teeth in bats, and hipbones in snakes Analogous structures - Have similar functions, but different structure and evolutionary history - Ex: Wings in birds and butterflies Genetics The study of heredity and DNA DNA The hereditary information for every protein your body will ever need Protein Cellular building blocks made of different combinations of 20 amino acids Molecular clock Uses the rates of DNA mutations to estimate how far apart two species are Mitochondrial DNA How fast is a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA? Fast Y chromosome - Inherited only from Dad - Mutates relatively slowly - Has been used to show that humans evolved in Africa and spread from there How long ago was the Earth formed? 4.5 billion years ago How was the moon formed? A collision dislodging a piece of earth How old are the oldest rocks on Earth's surface? 3.8 billion years Hadean Period - More than 3.8 billion years ago Spontaneous generation Life comes from nothing 1668 Francesco Redi Disproved spontaneous generation with rotting meat in a jar covered in cheesecloth 1838 Schleiden and Schwann Proposed cell theory Cell theory All living things are composed of cells 1861 Louis Pasteur Disproved spontaneous generation of bacteria with a swan necked flask Origins of life #1 Nonliving synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides Origins of life #2 Small molecules get together to make large molecules Origins of life #3 Self-replicating molecules for inheritance Origins of life #4 Packaging everything together in a membrane 1920 Oparin and Haldane Proposed that conditions on primitive earth had conditions that could make organic molecules from elements 1953 Stanley Miller and Harold Urey - Tested Oparin and Haldane's theory - They created amino acids from elements. Have monomers shown to spontaneously bond into polymers? Yes What was the first genetic material? RNA 1980 Thomas Cech Found that modern cells use ribozymes Ribozymes - RNA catalysts - RMA pieces can help make other RNA pieces When did bacteria first appear? 3.5 billion years ago Stromatolites Fossilized pillars of photosynthetic bacteria When did oxygen first become present? 2 .7 billion years ago Where did oxygen come from? Bacteria doing photosynthesis Photosynthesis Converts carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy and oxygen Prokaryotic cells - Small - no nucleus or organelles - Can live on their own - Ex: Bacteria Eukaryotic cells - Larger and more complex - Have a nucleus and other organelles - Ex: Algae, fungi, and protozoa When did eukaryotic life begin? 2.1 billion years ago (probably one called algae and protists) Endosymbionts Symbiotic cells living inside bigger host cells When did multicellular eukaryotic cells appear? 1.2 billion years ago (probably multicellular algae, plants, fungi, then animals) Precambrian period - More than 543 million years ago - Ex: Bacteria, primitive multicellular protists Ediacaran organisms Fossils of some interesting critters that apparently went extinct without leaving any descendants Cambrian period - 543 million years ago - Ex: Sponges, worms, jellyfish, trilobites Ordovician period Algae, invertebrates, and jawless fish Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction Thought to be caused by low carbon dioxide levels and extreme cold Silurian period First vascular plants, terrestrial invertebrates, fish with jaws Devonian period Age of bony fish Late Devonian extinction Unclear why so many aquatic species died, might have been lack of oxygen Carboniferous period Age of amphibians Permian period Age of reptiles Permian-Triassic extinction - Worst mass extinction - Also known as the "great dying" - Unknown cause, might be a combination of volcanoes, low ocean oxygen, and lots of hydrogen sulfide gas Triassic period Cone bearing plants, start of dinosaurs Triassic-Jurassic extinction Unknown cause Jurassic period - Dinosaurs rule - Ferns most abundant plant life Cretaceous period Flowering plants appear, end of dinosaurs Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction Probably from meteor impact hitting Yucatan, Mexico Paleogene period Age of mammals, birds, pollinating insects Neogene period Most primate groups Quaternary period Modern humans appear