PRN1409 / PRN 1409 Final Exam | Client-Centered Care III Review | Verified Questions & Answers | (Latest 2026/2027 Update)100% Correct Solutions | Grade A | Rasmussen

PRN1409 / PRN 1409 Final Exam | Client-Centered Care III Review | Verified Questions & Answers | (Latest 2026/2027 Update)100% Correct Solutions | Grade A | Rasmussen Q: Came up with the idea of natural selection to explain evolution, joint published with Darwin Answer Alfred Russel Wallace Q: Lives off dead and decaying organisms like some bacteria and fungi Answer Saprotrophs Q: What are the function of the ovaries? List at least 3 Answer Ovarian cycle, produce and release eggs, secrete hormones (estrogen, testosterone, & progesterone) Q: The proper sequence of taxonomic groups is: Domain, Kingdom, Class, Order, Phylum, Family, Genus, Species (T/F) Answer False (it is: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Remember: Dumb Kids Playing Cards On Freeway Get Smashed) Q: Domain Bacteria include members that are prokaryotes, have cell walls, only have ribosomes and primarily reproduce asexually (T/F) Answer True Q: Kingdom Plantae includes members that have cell walls with cellulose, autotrophic, multicelled, non-motile and eukaryotic (T/F) Answer True Q: Founded Paleontology, study fossiles, believed the reason no fossils appear in certain layers is due to catastrophes that wiped out species Answer Georges Cuvier Q: Which Phylum produces spores sexually in a thick walled cell that forms after a + and - hyphae fuse Answer Zygomycota Q: Which Phylum produces spores sexually on a club-shaped structure? Answer Basidiomycota Q: Yeast, Peziza Penicillin, Athlete's foot belong in Phylum ____? Answer Answer Ascomycota Q: Morels, mushrooms, puffball, smuts and rusts belong in Phylum ____? Answer Basidiomycota Q: Cluster of hyphae, makes up the body of a fungus Answer Mycelium Q: The filaments that make up the body of a fungus (they absorb nutrients) are called? Answer Mycelium Q: Another name for bark; provides protection from invaders, water loss, and damage in woody plants. Answer Periderm Q: The part of the flower that is green and leaf-like; used to protect the bud and carry out photosynthesis Answer Sepal Q: The leaf of a fern is called a ____? Answer Frond Q: Plant tissue with thin walls, large cells that are alive at maturity, and function in storage, filler and can carry out photosynthesis Answer Parenchyma Q: Q: Plant tissue with even thick walls filled with lignin, dead at maturity, found mixed in with the transport tissues for support, and around seeds Answer Sclerenchyma Q: Found at the tip of the roots and stem, produces new tissue by mitisis Answer Apical meristem Q: Primary germ tissue, made by the apical meristem that gives rise to the primary xylem and phloem Answer Procambium Q: Part of the flower that attracts pollinators, may be brightly colored, white or green Answer Petal Q: Female part of the flower, contains the stigma, style, and ovary Answer Pistil Q: Inside the carpel, contains the egg, becomes a seed after being fertilized Answer Ovary Q: Anything that develops from the ovary and may contain seeds Answer Fruit Q: Cedar trees, junipers, redwoods, fir, and pines belong in Phylum ____ Answer Coniferophyta Q: Mosses belong in Phylum ____ Answer Bryophyte Q: Ferns belong in Phylum ____ Answer Pteridophyta Q: When a plant loses its leaves seasonally, all at once, typically in the fall (ex: red buds, maple trees) Answer Deciduous Q: What factors affect the opening of the guard cells? Answer Water and gas (Low water and low CO2 causes them to open). If it's hot, dry, or bright, they stay closed. Q: Produces the swimming sperm in the moss and ferns Answer Antheridium Q: Seed producing, flowers, vascular, sporophyte, & dominant, describe Phylum ____? Answer Anthophyta Q: Peanuts, lettuce, pansy, and carrots, are all examples of Phylum ____? Answer Anthophyta Q: Produces the egg in the moss and ferns Answer Archegonium Q: Generation that is haploid, visible part of mosses and liverworts, produces sperm and egg Answer Gametophyte Develops into the pollen grains that contain the sperm and tube nucleus Answer Microspores Nonvascular, needs water for reproduction, upright, stem-like, leaf-like, root-like Answer Phylum Bryophyta Tissue made up of 2 types of cells, sieve tube members and companion cells, responsible for transporting dissolved food from the source and the sink Answer Phloem Class with scales, swim bladder, bone and cartilage skeleton, paired fins, most oviparous and external fertilization Answer Chondrichthyes The germ layer that produces the skin, spinal cord, brain, eyes, and ears Answer Ectoderm Sharks, skates, and rays belong in Phylum: Answer Chondrichthyes Includes members that do not have organs, tissues or a skeleton. They are a loose collection of cells, have spicules, and are sessile filter-feeders. They belong in Phylum: Answer Porifera Butterflies, spiders, scorpions, and lobsters belong in Phylum: Answer Arthropoda The free- swimming form of cnidarians, used for sexual reproduction and/or feeding Answer Medusae Includes members that have a flat body, acoelomate, some are segmented, no circulatory or respiration, sac digestive system, and are monoecious Answer Platyhelminthes Is a covering on most molluscans and may secrete a shell Answer Mantle Includes members that are unsegmented roundworms, with a psuedocoelom, complete digestion, are dioecious, and many are parasites. They belong in Phylum: Answer Nematoda Means they produce eggs but retain them and live off the yolk, like some sharks and seahorses Answer Ovoviviparous Regulates internal pressure of bony fish, can be filled by gulping air or directly from the bloodstream Answer Swim bladder Class with smooth skin and hair, nurse young, 4 chambered heart, bone and cartilage skeleton Answer Mammilian Tapeworm, Planaria, and Fluke belong in Phylum: Answer Platyhelminthes Means there are 2 openings for food and waste Answer Complete digestion This term means that the body cavity is present and incompletely lined with mesoderm (ex: nematodes) Answer Pseudocoelum Which animals belong in Pylum Cnidaria? Answer Coral, hydra, sea anenome Which phylum has a visceral mass, mantle, foot, complete digestion, open/closed circulation, and some have a radula? Answer Mollusca Exoskeleton, jointed legs, open circulation, are dioecious, and undergoes metamorphosis are characteristics of what phylum? Arthopoda This term means that the sexes are separate? Dioecious Segmented bodies, have setae, hydroskeleton, complete digestion, and monoecious, are characteristics of what phylum? Annelida What are the 4 main characteristics of Phylum Chordata? Dorsal, tubular nerve cord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits Fat storage tissue that insulates, cushions, and protects organs Adipose Muscle involuntary and non-striated, found in iris of the eye, digestive system, and blood vessels Smooth muscle Type of tissue made up of irregular flat cells, usually in layers, found in the epidermis Squamous epithelium Which tissue has a solid matris, filled in with minerals like calcium and phosphorus? Made up of concentric rings. Compact bone Carries blood away from the heart, has thick muscular walls, and most carry oxygenated blood Arteries Know the pathway of blood in the heart Superior & Inferior Vena Cavas - Right Atrium - Atrioventricular Valve - Right Ventricle - Pulmonary Semilunar Valve - Pulmonary Trunk - two Pulmonary Arteries -Lungs Are found in the blood, they contain hemoglobin, and transport oxygen, and are biconave in shape Red blood cells Means high blood pressure, can cause blood vessels to rupture Hypertension This term means relaxation of the heart Diastole Transports blood to the heart, has only one-way valves, uses skeletal muscles to move blood back to the heart, most carry deoxygenated blood Veins Chest pains, due to insufficient blood flow Angina Pectoralis Found in the spongy bone, produces all 3 blood cells, B cells live here bone marrow Anything that stimulates antibody production, may be a pathogen or harmless like pollen Allergen Y-shaped protein that is produced by b-cells and tag invaders so they can be destroyed Antibodies Produces antibodies; capable of combining with and neutralizing a particular antigen B-cells White blood cell, secretes histamines that cause capillaries to dilate Mast cells Found behind the stomach, filters blood and destroys invaders. Also regulates blood pressure Spleen 1st line of defense, forms a barrier to entry of pathogens, non-specific keeps everything out Skin Long lived and more numerous than the original t-cells, remembers antigen so response can occur quicker Memory cells Made up of connective tissues and white blood cells, filter lymph, and remove invaders and debris Lymph nodes Produced by virus-infected cells as warnings to non-infected cells, so they can prepare to disrupt the virus replication cycle Interferon Carries urine from the renal pelvis (kidneys) to the urinary bladder Ureter Cluster of capillaries where filtration occurs Glomerulus Second step in urine formation, necessary materials are returned to the blood stream, like glucose, amino acids, salt and water Reabsorption The ______ lobe of the cerebrum in concerned with sight or visual area Occiptal Lies behind the brainstem and controls muscle coordination, muscle tone, posture, and balance Cerebellum Contains hair cells that bend in response to fluid sound waves converting them into nerve impulses Cochlea Nervous system works in normal conditions, maintains breathing, and heartrate etc. Housekeeping. Parasympathetic Summing up all the excitatory and inhibitory signals to decide which one to obey Integration Retains memory, not emotional, Alzheimer's extinguishes cells of this area Hypocampus Is at the top of the brain stem and contains the vital centers for breathing, blood pressure, and heartbeat medulla oblongata Where the message goes from electrical to chemical, the release of neurotransmitters occurs here Synapse Membrane linings that wrap around the brain and spinal cord, helps protect these vital organs Meninges Starch, lipids, proteins, and DNA are all digested in which organ? Duodenum of the small intestine In which organ does peristalsis begin to transport food to the stomach? Esophagus Which one is not a secretion of the salivary glands? The SECRETIONS are: Amylase, Mucus, & Bicarbonate...ANYTHING ELSE IS NOT SECRETED What does Trypsin and Pepsin break down? Proteins Know what the large intestine does Absorbs water, salt, some vitamins, and undigestible material until it is eliminated as feces Which organ covers the trachea while swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx Epiglottis Tiny air sacs that make up the lungs, gas exchange occurs here Alveoli Contains C-shaped rings of cartilage that keeps it from collapsing; passageway of air Trachea The diaphragm contracts and flattens to exhale air out of the lungs (T/F) False Are cells that break down to repair and renew bone tissue, consistently remodeling the bones Osteoclasts Is made up of thick filament with golf club like heads, pulls the other filament toward the center of the Sarcomere Myocin Is made up of blood vessels that supply the bone with nutrients and remove waste Haversian Canal Degenerative bone disease, bone destroying cells destroy more bone tissue that is laid down bones become brittle Osteoporosis Outer ear, collects sound waves, & funnels them to the auditory canal Pinna Made up of photoreceptors that convert light rays into nerve impulses Retina Tiny bones in the middle ear that amplify the sound vibrations All 3 are called Ossicles; separately, they are: hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes) Colored part of the eye made up of smooth muscle, responds to how much light is available Iris Stimulates bone development, protein synthesis, and cell division comes from the anterior pituitary Growth hormone Are chemicals that are secreted through water and air, that are used for mating, communication, etc. Pheremones Target is the breast, stimulates milk production, released from the Posterior Pituitary Prolactin Raises blood glucose, stimulates breakdown of proteins, released during times of stress, from center of the adrenal glands glucocorticoids; or cortisol Target is the kidneys, function is to reabsorb water to prevent dehydration Antidiuretic hormone Where the sperm learn to swim and ar stored until ejaculation or die and get reabsorbed Testes Small sac in the egg, stores Nitrogen waste, in humans forms part of the umbilical cord, not the placents Allontois Transports the sperm, long narrow tube carries from the testes past the bladder Vas Deferens A fluid filled ball of cells that gets ready to implant in the mother Blastula During the _____, the first half of her cycle, the follicle matures and gets ready to release an egg Ovarian cycle Enzyme filled head of the sperm, helps eat through the outer layers of the egg to get inside Acrosome Secretes fructose to nourish the sperm Seminal Vesicles Secretes an alkaline solution to make the sperm more mobile and neutralizes acid in the female Prostate gland Lining of the uterus; lining thickens each month for implantation; helps form the placenta; Is shed each month if implantation does not happen Menstruation The role an organism plays in its environment, such as bats keeping insects from overpopulating, mice planting seeds Ecological Niche When an animal attaches to the first moving object; has to happen during the sensitive period imprinting In order for a bird to sing, it gets exposed to testoserone, typically a male, and automatically knows which song to sing (T/F) False (it's a learned behavior) Females choose mates based on traits that improve male appearance Runaway Hypothesis In a food web: Hawkes, owls, wolves, and bears are usually... Tertiary consumers Random contractions that keep muscles in shape, important in maintaining shape and posture Muscle tone In a food web: Bluebonnets, corn, bermuda grass, and onions are all examples of... Producers Parasitism takes advantage of other parents; putting their eggs in another nest and that parent raises its young (ex: brown cow bird) Brood Parastism Is made up of all the living organisms and the habitat, including abiotic and biotic factors Ecosystem Example is chameleons and flounder, can change color to blend in with their surroundings Cryptic coloration R-selected populations produce many offspring, don't live long, no parental care (T/F) True Know the criteria that makes up a grassland Annual rainfall is greater than 25 cm, but not enough to support trees, despite fertile soil. It's too dry for forests and too wet for deserts to form Discuss commensalism a symbiotic relationship between two species in which one species is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed. (ex: Barnacles on a whale) Define biodiversity Total number of species, the variability of their genes, and the communities in which they live Species that influences the survival of a community, extinction can cause the community to collapse (ex: grizzly bear and alligators in swamps, elephants in grasslands and forest) Keystone species Wetland ecosystem that have acidic water, peat deposits, and sphagnum moss. Get most of their water by rainfall and are nutrient poor. Insect plants, cranberries, and orchids are common here. Bog Algal blooms as a result of over-enrichment due to runoff from agricultural fields, landscaped homes, wastewater and sewage treatment Eutrophication Term refers to a single species within a specific area, such as bluebonnets in Navarro County Population