FNDH 400 Exam 1 Yuska Anki Study Set
macronutrients: needed in larger amounts--carbs, proteins, lipids, water
micronutrients: vitamins and minerals - ANSWER what are macronutrients vs.
micronutrients? name them.
the science of the action of food, beverages and their components in biological
systems - ANSWER Define Nutrition
compound that provides a needed function in the body - ANSWER define nutrient
carbs:4 kcal/g
protein: 4 kcal/g
fat: 9 kcal/g - ANSWER what are the energy yielding macronutrients and what
kcal/g do each of them provide
energy needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius - ANSWER define
kilocalorie
not a nutrient
7 kcal/g - ANSWER is alcohol a nutrient? how much energy does it provide? (in
kcal/g)
Phytochemicals: plant
zoochemicals: animals - ANSWER what are phytochemicals vs. zoochemicals
beyond traditional nutrients-potential benefit outside of the nutrients that they
contain - ANSWER what are functional foods?
the study of human populations - ANSWER Define epidemiology
cross-sectional (only the present), case-control (past and the present),
prospective cohort study (present and the future) - ANSWER what are the 3
types of epidemiology and what time periods do they study?
compare different geographical area's disease prevalence and diet habits-
snapshot of the present - ANSWER define cross-sectional study.
compare some exposure in cases vs. controls
Almost always retrospective-past study
studies past and present - ANSWER define case-control study
group of subjects or cohort and studied into the future
, -recruit a cohort and follow over time - ANSWER define prospective cohort study
In vitro: "within glass"
In vivo: "within the living" - ANSWER define in vitro vs. in vivo
-can be hard due to ethical reasons
-can't predict responses in a complex biological system
-however, you can control consumption - ANSWER Why animal studies? Give the
pros and cons.
37 degrees celsius
5% CO2
-keeps it close to body temperature/environment - ANSWER cell cultures are
kept at what temperature and what CO2 value? why?
-metabolism and physiology is different
-models of disease are different - ANSWER what are the things that we need to
keep in mind when we interpret animal research and translate it to humans?
randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials - ANSWER what is
the "gold standard" of human intervention studies and clinical trials
results from a subject's belief in a treatment even though there is no treatment-
conditions are exactly the same but a section of the cohort is given the
treatment and the other section is not - ANSWER define placebo effect/how it
comes about
randomly assigning subjects to groups-reduces bias - ANSWER define
randomization
nontreatment related effects of researcher or subjects on the study results -
ANSWER define bias.
Open-label: both subjects and researchers know what treatment the subjects
are receiving
Single-blind: subject doesn't know their treatment but the researcher does
Double-blind: both subject and researcher do not know what treatment the
subject is receiving - ANSWER describe open-label, single-blind and double-
blind
Statistical evidence to suggest that the difference is likely not due to chance
-represented by the p-value - ANSWER define statistical significance and what is
it represented by?
p has to be less than 0.05 - ANSWER what does the p-value have to be in order to
be considered significant
macronutrients: needed in larger amounts--carbs, proteins, lipids, water
micronutrients: vitamins and minerals - ANSWER what are macronutrients vs.
micronutrients? name them.
the science of the action of food, beverages and their components in biological
systems - ANSWER Define Nutrition
compound that provides a needed function in the body - ANSWER define nutrient
carbs:4 kcal/g
protein: 4 kcal/g
fat: 9 kcal/g - ANSWER what are the energy yielding macronutrients and what
kcal/g do each of them provide
energy needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree celsius - ANSWER define
kilocalorie
not a nutrient
7 kcal/g - ANSWER is alcohol a nutrient? how much energy does it provide? (in
kcal/g)
Phytochemicals: plant
zoochemicals: animals - ANSWER what are phytochemicals vs. zoochemicals
beyond traditional nutrients-potential benefit outside of the nutrients that they
contain - ANSWER what are functional foods?
the study of human populations - ANSWER Define epidemiology
cross-sectional (only the present), case-control (past and the present),
prospective cohort study (present and the future) - ANSWER what are the 3
types of epidemiology and what time periods do they study?
compare different geographical area's disease prevalence and diet habits-
snapshot of the present - ANSWER define cross-sectional study.
compare some exposure in cases vs. controls
Almost always retrospective-past study
studies past and present - ANSWER define case-control study
group of subjects or cohort and studied into the future
, -recruit a cohort and follow over time - ANSWER define prospective cohort study
In vitro: "within glass"
In vivo: "within the living" - ANSWER define in vitro vs. in vivo
-can be hard due to ethical reasons
-can't predict responses in a complex biological system
-however, you can control consumption - ANSWER Why animal studies? Give the
pros and cons.
37 degrees celsius
5% CO2
-keeps it close to body temperature/environment - ANSWER cell cultures are
kept at what temperature and what CO2 value? why?
-metabolism and physiology is different
-models of disease are different - ANSWER what are the things that we need to
keep in mind when we interpret animal research and translate it to humans?
randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials - ANSWER what is
the "gold standard" of human intervention studies and clinical trials
results from a subject's belief in a treatment even though there is no treatment-
conditions are exactly the same but a section of the cohort is given the
treatment and the other section is not - ANSWER define placebo effect/how it
comes about
randomly assigning subjects to groups-reduces bias - ANSWER define
randomization
nontreatment related effects of researcher or subjects on the study results -
ANSWER define bias.
Open-label: both subjects and researchers know what treatment the subjects
are receiving
Single-blind: subject doesn't know their treatment but the researcher does
Double-blind: both subject and researcher do not know what treatment the
subject is receiving - ANSWER describe open-label, single-blind and double-
blind
Statistical evidence to suggest that the difference is likely not due to chance
-represented by the p-value - ANSWER define statistical significance and what is
it represented by?
p has to be less than 0.05 - ANSWER what does the p-value have to be in order to
be considered significant
