Wilkerson BIO 2100 Unit 3 Complete Note Guide: Catabolism, Anabolism & Metabolic Pathways – Graded A+ 2026

USLO3.1 Vocabulary to Define • Organic – Molecule containing both carbon and hydrogen • Inorganic – a molecule that is missing either carbon or hydrogen • Hydrolysis – reaction where water is added to break a bond in a larger molecule • Dehydration – reaction where water is removed to form a bond between two smaller molecules • Monomer – single repeating sub-unit is a larger molecule • Polymer – larger molecule made of monomers • Macromolecules – large organic molecules used in large quantities by living organism • Amphipathic – molecule that has a hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion • Hydrophobic – molecule that does not mix with water • Hydrophilic – molecule that likes to be in water • Gene – portion of DNA that codes for functional product, usually a protein • Isomer – molecules that have the same formula but are arranged differently Carbohydrates (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) Differentiate • Monosaccharides – simple sugars or monomers. Glucose, ribose, or deoxyribose. • Disaccharides – two monosaccharides formed through dehydration synthesis reaction between two monosaccharides and a glycosidic bond is formed. Maltose, lactose, sucrose. • Polysaccharides - Hundreds of monosaccharides strung together form polymers or polysaccharides. There are many glycosidic bonds holding the chain together. Starch, glycogen, cellulose (fiber), peptidoglycan, chitin, Beta. How do carbohydrates contribute to • Cellular energy – short term energy is derived from simple sugars and stored from polysaccharides. • Cellular structures - Carbohydrates are found in cell walls of many organisms and cell membranes as glycoproteins. Like cellulose and peptidoglycan • Genetic information - Carbohydrates such as 5 carbon ribose and deoxyribose sugars form the backbone of DNA and RNA so they play a role in transmitting genetic information. Lipids Differentiate • Fatty acids and glycerol – Fatty acids are long-chain hydrocarbons and can be saturated or unsaturated. An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds which will create a bend in the chain. A saturated fatty acid has all single bonds, full of hydrogen. o Triglycerides are made of a glycerol molecule plus three fatty acids. A dehydration synthesis will form ester bonds between the fatty acids and a glycerol molecule forming a triglyceride. • Phospholipids - Phospholipids are made of two fatty acids and a phosphate head. Phospholipids are amphipathic. Phospholipids are often found in cell membranes with the hydrophilic phosphate heads facing the water and the hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing each other. • Sterols - Sterols are molecules made of hydrophobic rings and include cholesterol and ergosterol. Cholesterol is found in animal cell membranes and ergosterol is found in fungi cell membranes. Describe these functions of lipids • Energy storage – provide energy • Membrane structure Proteins What is the relationship of DNA to RNA to Proteins? Proteins are the result of transcription What is Transcription? What is Translation? Transcription is when DNA is read into RNA and Translation where RNA strand is translated into proteins What are the parts of an amino acid? Amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain Differentiate: • Primary structure - The amino acids in the primary structure are held together by peptide bonds and the order will never change. • Secondary structure - alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet. • Tertiary structure - protein fold even more into a globular protein or a fibrous protein. • Quaternary structure - two or more proteins chains join to form larger structure. Define: • Glycoprotein – carbohydrate attached • Lipoprotein – lipid attached