BIO D 210 Genetics Portage Learning Final Exam
Updated 2026/2027 Carefully Analyzed Questions
with Correct Solutions Already Graded A+
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology ANSWER> 1. DNA Replication: makes DNA copies
that are passed down
2. Transcription: produces RNA copy of a gene
3. Translation: produces a polypeptide using the information in mRNA
1
,Polypeptide can then become part of a functional protein that contributes to an
organisms traits
Life Cycle of the Cell ANSWER> G1-G0-G1-S-G2-Mitosis
G1 ANSWER> Interphase growth period within the cell
G0 ANSWER> Interphase rest period
S ANSWER> Interphase period of DNA replication, contents of chromosomes double
G2 ANSWER> Second phase of interphase growth
Molecular Structure of DNA ANSWER> DNA, also called Deoxyribose nucleic acid, is an
anti-parallel double helix composed of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar group, and a nitrogen
base (A,G,C,T)
Nucleotides are attached together to form two long strands that spiral to create a
structure called a double helix. If you think of the double helix structure as a ladder, the
phosphate and sugar molecules would be the sides, held together by phosphodiester
bonds, while the bases would be the rungs. The bases on one strand pair with the
bases on another strand: A pairs with T, and G pairs with C, forming the DNA molecule.
2
, A and T are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds while G and C are held together by 3
Molecular Structure of RNA ANSWER> The structure of RNA is made up of three
components, one of which is a five-carbon sugar called ribose sugar. One of the
carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to a nitrogenous base, which is A,G,C, or U.
Another of the carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to the phosphate group. Yet
another carbon is attached to a hydroxyl group.
What makes RNA different from DNA is that it uses Uracil instead of Thymine and it has
an OH group on the 2' carbon instead of the plain H that DNA has.
Deoxyribose sugar of DNA compared to Ribose sugar of RNA ANSWER>
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_02-07_Figure-L.jpg
Mitosis ANSWER> The devision of a mother and daughter cell into genetically identical
cells. Prophase-Prometaphase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase
Prophase ANSWER> Chromosomes are condensed
Prometaphase ANSWER> Nuclear envelope dissolves
Meselson and Stahl ANSWER> Meselson and Stahl's experiment tested which model of
DNA, i.e., the conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive models, was correct.
They grew Ecoli in N^15. They then took the N^15 and put it into N^14 medium and
allowed DNA replication to take place. They took samples, spliced them, spun them in a
3
Updated 2026/2027 Carefully Analyzed Questions
with Correct Solutions Already Graded A+
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology ANSWER> 1. DNA Replication: makes DNA copies
that are passed down
2. Transcription: produces RNA copy of a gene
3. Translation: produces a polypeptide using the information in mRNA
1
,Polypeptide can then become part of a functional protein that contributes to an
organisms traits
Life Cycle of the Cell ANSWER> G1-G0-G1-S-G2-Mitosis
G1 ANSWER> Interphase growth period within the cell
G0 ANSWER> Interphase rest period
S ANSWER> Interphase period of DNA replication, contents of chromosomes double
G2 ANSWER> Second phase of interphase growth
Molecular Structure of DNA ANSWER> DNA, also called Deoxyribose nucleic acid, is an
anti-parallel double helix composed of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar group, and a nitrogen
base (A,G,C,T)
Nucleotides are attached together to form two long strands that spiral to create a
structure called a double helix. If you think of the double helix structure as a ladder, the
phosphate and sugar molecules would be the sides, held together by phosphodiester
bonds, while the bases would be the rungs. The bases on one strand pair with the
bases on another strand: A pairs with T, and G pairs with C, forming the DNA molecule.
2
, A and T are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds while G and C are held together by 3
Molecular Structure of RNA ANSWER> The structure of RNA is made up of three
components, one of which is a five-carbon sugar called ribose sugar. One of the
carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to a nitrogenous base, which is A,G,C, or U.
Another of the carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to the phosphate group. Yet
another carbon is attached to a hydroxyl group.
What makes RNA different from DNA is that it uses Uracil instead of Thymine and it has
an OH group on the 2' carbon instead of the plain H that DNA has.
Deoxyribose sugar of DNA compared to Ribose sugar of RNA ANSWER>
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_02-07_Figure-L.jpg
Mitosis ANSWER> The devision of a mother and daughter cell into genetically identical
cells. Prophase-Prometaphase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase
Prophase ANSWER> Chromosomes are condensed
Prometaphase ANSWER> Nuclear envelope dissolves
Meselson and Stahl ANSWER> Meselson and Stahl's experiment tested which model of
DNA, i.e., the conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive models, was correct.
They grew Ecoli in N^15. They then took the N^15 and put it into N^14 medium and
allowed DNA replication to take place. They took samples, spliced them, spun them in a
3
