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Health (WHO Definition 1946) - ANSWERS-A state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health (Frankish et. al 1996) - ANSWERS-The capacity of people to adapt to, respond
to, or control life's challenges and changes
Disease - ANSWERS-The biological or physical malady affecting the body
Sickness - ANSWERS-Social acknowledgement of impairment of affliction
Factors that cause disease: genetics - ANSWERS-- interplay between genetics and
environment
1. emphasizes hereditary vulnerability
2. focuses on individual, not society
Factors that cause disease: lifestyle - ANSWERS-- behaviourally-driven
,- smoking, alcohol, fatty foods
- emphasizes individual behaviour change
Factors that cause disease: multifactorial disease (epigenetics, environmental) -
ANSWERS-- epigenetics: specific gene ↑ risk of a disease (ex. BRCA and breast
cancer
- not completely deterministic
- environmental trigger needed
- necessary, but not sufficient
Well-being and wellness - ANSWERS-Well-being: broader concept, encompasses
many areas of life
- ex. learning, financial security, social participation, work, family life, leisure, environ,
security, housing
- state of feeling well (not ill or sick)
- not generally a synonym of being "healthy"
Population Health - ANSWERS-- health can be understood at the population level;
groups with shared characteristics
- health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes
within the group
- studies health outcomes, patterns of health determinants, and policies that link these
two
Epidemiology - ANSWERS-the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in
populations
- Distribution: descriptive epidemiology focus, how specific outcomes are patterned in a
population, essential for etiology (origins) of disease
- Determinants: analytical epidemiology focus, anything that influences the health of an
individual and the distribution of health states in a population
,Population Health: Fundamental Assumptions - ANSWERS-- diseases distribute non-
randomly in a population in relation to the factors that determine health
- factors can be identified by studying distributions of health outcomes in a population
Public Health Agency of Canada - ANSWERS-- Population health is an approach to
health that aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health
inequities among population groups
- approach recognizes that health is a capacity or resource rather than a state
Determinants of Health - ANSWERS-- broad, yet interconnected
- WHO: "the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors which
determine individual and population health status"
- Broad Categories
1. Individual (genetic makeup, sex, age)
2. Physical environment (water, sanitation, pollution)
3. Employment and working conditions
4. Access to Health Services
5. Healthy behaviours and coping skills
6. Healthy child development
7. Social environment (SES, education, culture)
Modelling Determinants of Health - ANSWERS-Dahlgren & Whitehead Model
1. Age, sex, and constituional factors
2. Individual lifestyle choices
- health behaviours, possibly family influenced
3. Social and community networks
- social supports, culture, and freedom of expression
4. Living and work conditions
- environments, water, food, sanitation
, 5. General socio-economic, cultural, environ conditions
- directly/indirectly influences health, climate change, general poverty level, etc.
Illness - ANSWERS-Perception of dysfunction by an afflicting individual
The Relationships: Disease Without Ilness - ANSWERS-Hypertension
- HBP can lead to heart attack but patient does not feel ill and does not seek care
The Relationships: Ilness without Disease - ANSWERS-Hypochondriac (anxiety)
Feeling of being ill, but nothing wrong despite extensive medical testing
The Relationships: Ilness without Sickness - ANSWERS-Headache
Feeling of being ill, requires doctor's note for absense
Health and Disease - ANSWERS-- Not necessarily opposites
Disease (Yes)
Healthy well managed type 1 diabetic
Unhealthy late stage cancer
Healthy vibrant neighbour
Unhealthy overworked teacher
Disease (No)