BIO 2100 Unit 9 Note Guide Adaptive Immunity, B-Cells & T-Cells – Wilkerson (Galen College of Nursing) 2026

USLO 9.1 Vocabulary to define • Conjunctivitis-inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva of the eye, characterized by redness and discharge • Keratitis-inflammation or infection of the cornea of the eye with redness and light sensitivity • Otitis externa-inflammation or infection of the external ear canal with redness and pain • Papules-small raised bumps on the skin • Macules-smooth spots of discoloration on the skin • Vesicles-small fluid filled lesions on the skin • Pustules-pus or fluid filled bumps on the skin • Trachoma-granulation of the inner surface of the eye lids • Pharyngitis-inflammation or infection of the pharynx: sore throat • Tonsillitis-inflammation or infection of the tonsils (usually pharyngeal) • Epiglottis-inflammation or infection of the epiglottis • Bronchitis-inflammation or infection of the bronchi • Pneumonia-inflammation or infection of the alveoli, air spaces fill with fluid or pus • Cystitis-bladder infection • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease-infection of female reproductive organs, uterus, cervix, Fallopian tubes and ovaries, usually caused by an STD • Sexually Transmitted Disease-a disease that is obtained through unprotected sex • Glomerulonephritis-an infection of the kidney tubule and or pelvis • Urethritis-inflammation of the urethra • Dysuria-painful urination • Pyuria-pus in the urine • Hematuria-blood in the urine Bacterial Infection of the skin • Bacillus anthracis o Diseases associated with pathogen-Anthrax o Signs and Symptoms-skin nodules form, cells die forming a black eschar; eschar at site of infection; may lead to septicemia and can be fatal; bacteremia and septicemia can result/ 20% fatality is possible if not treated with antibiotics o Transmission-most common form is cutaneous anthrax and is associated with people who are in contact with cattle or other animals. The entry of B. anthracis endospores through cut or abrasion o Virulence Factors-respiratory & gastrointestinal anthrax have a higher mortality rate even with treatment; endospores; a vaccine is available for high risk individuals • Clostridium perfringens o Diseases associated with pathogen-Necrotizing fasciitis & Gas gangrene o Signs and Symptoms-infection of fascia and rapidly spreading tissue death can lead to septic shock and death o Transmission-the entry of bacteria through cut or abrasion o Virulence Factors-include polysaccharide capsules & M proteins that impede phagocytosis, enzymes that degrade host tissues, & toxins that overstimulate the immune system, causing fever & shock • Propionibacterium o Diseases associated with pathogen-Acne o Signs and Symptoms-Comedones (whiteheads, blackheads); papules, pustules, nodules, or pseudocyst o Transmission-Not transmissible; clogged pores become infected by normal skin microbiota (P. acnes) o Virulence Factors-part of the normal skin microbiota, Propionibacterium feed on sebum and release enzymes that cause inflammation of the hair follicles that can include many different lesion types, most commonly acne • Staphylococcus aureus o Diseases associated with pathogen-Skin infections, Impetigo, MRSA, Scaled Skin Syndrome o Signs and Symptoms-Erythema and severe peeling of skin o Transmission-by direct contact with others who are asymptomatic or symptomatic carriers o Virulence Factors-adhesins, toxins, enzymes, and invasins o Other information-Staphylococcus aureus is part of the skin’s normal microbiota and is often found in the nasal passageways. • Streptococcus pyogenes o Diseases associated with pathogen-Necrotizing fasciitis & strep throat o Signs and Symptoms-infection of fascia & rapidly spreading tissue death o Transmission-contact with an infected person by skin or through secretions o Virulence Factors-S. pyogenes is equipped with a wide variety or virulence factors to invade human tissue and escape from immunity. Including exotoxins, invasins, and adhesions. o Other Information-Streptococcus pyogenes is NOT part of the normal microbiota but some people will be carriers. • Chlamydia trachomatis o Diseases associated with pathogen-Chlamydia, Conjunctivitis o Signs and Symptoms-eye infections, especially in a newborn but anyone can develop chronic conjunctivitis leading to trachoma o Transmission-typically an STD; infants can be exposed through the birth canal of an infected mother. Others by unwashed hands and the eye. o Virulence Factors-intracellular pathogen so it hides from the immune system. Lipid-A as part of the gram-negative cell wall, and membrane proteins for attachment and invasion. o Other Information-A leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide, but rate in the US. • Moraxella catarrhalis o Diseases associated with pathogen-Skin disease: Conjunctivitis, Sinusitis, Otitis Media