IVY TECH APHY 101 FINAL FINAL STUDY PAPER
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ What are lipids? Answer: Primarily used to supply energy for
cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats,
phospholipids, and steroids.
◉ What are proteins? Answer: Provide structure; energy sources;
chemical messengers
Play vital role in metabolism
bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds
◉ What are nucleic acids? Answer: Carry genes and control cell
activities. Examples are RNA and DNA.
◉ Fats (triglycerides) Answer: Used primarily for energy; most
common lipid in the body
Can supply more energy than carbohydrates
,Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6)
Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule
Saturated and unsaturated
◉ phospholipids Answer: major component of cell membranes;
large amounts in nervous system
2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol
molecule
◉ steroids Answer: 4 connected rings of carbon atoms; widely
distributed in body; component of cell membrane; used to
synthesize hormones; example includes cholesterol
◉ Define amino acids Answer: building block of proteins
◉ What are enzymes? Answer: large molecules that increase the
rates of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any
change
,◉ What are the differences between DNA and RNA? Answer: RNA
(ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis; DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes.
◉ cell membrane Answer: regulates the movement of substances in
and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction; and helps
cells adhere to other cells
◉ nucleus Answer: surrounded by an enveloper; composed of RNA
and protein and is the site of ribosome production
◉ cytoplasm Answer: consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a
supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and
organelles
◉ cytosol Answer: the liquid part of the cytoplasm in which various
organelles are suspended
◉ organelles Answer: small, specialized structures in cells which
operate like organs by carrying out specific tasks
◉ What are the functions of the cell membrane? Answer: controls
the movement of substances in and out of cells; protects the cell
from its surroundings
, ◉ What is the structure of the cell membrane? Answer: a double
layer of phospholipids, with fatty acid tails turned inward
◉ Ribosome Answer: tiny spherical structures composed of protein
and RNA; the site of protein synthesis
◉ endoplasmic reticulum Answer: the manufacturing plant;
responsible for synthesis of proteins and lipids for use inside and
outside the cell
◉ Difference between smooth ER and rough ER. Answer: With
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough ER, and functions
in protein synthesis. Without ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and
functions in lipid synthesis.
◉ Golgi apparatus Answer: UPS or FedEx; packages and modifies
proteins for transport and export out of the cell
◉ Mitochondria Answer: the powerhouses of the cell and
contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration
◉ Lysosome Answer: "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain
digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ What are lipids? Answer: Primarily used to supply energy for
cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats,
phospholipids, and steroids.
◉ What are proteins? Answer: Provide structure; energy sources;
chemical messengers
Play vital role in metabolism
bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds
◉ What are nucleic acids? Answer: Carry genes and control cell
activities. Examples are RNA and DNA.
◉ Fats (triglycerides) Answer: Used primarily for energy; most
common lipid in the body
Can supply more energy than carbohydrates
,Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6)
Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule
Saturated and unsaturated
◉ phospholipids Answer: major component of cell membranes;
large amounts in nervous system
2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol
molecule
◉ steroids Answer: 4 connected rings of carbon atoms; widely
distributed in body; component of cell membrane; used to
synthesize hormones; example includes cholesterol
◉ Define amino acids Answer: building block of proteins
◉ What are enzymes? Answer: large molecules that increase the
rates of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any
change
,◉ What are the differences between DNA and RNA? Answer: RNA
(ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis; DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes.
◉ cell membrane Answer: regulates the movement of substances in
and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction; and helps
cells adhere to other cells
◉ nucleus Answer: surrounded by an enveloper; composed of RNA
and protein and is the site of ribosome production
◉ cytoplasm Answer: consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a
supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and
organelles
◉ cytosol Answer: the liquid part of the cytoplasm in which various
organelles are suspended
◉ organelles Answer: small, specialized structures in cells which
operate like organs by carrying out specific tasks
◉ What are the functions of the cell membrane? Answer: controls
the movement of substances in and out of cells; protects the cell
from its surroundings
, ◉ What is the structure of the cell membrane? Answer: a double
layer of phospholipids, with fatty acid tails turned inward
◉ Ribosome Answer: tiny spherical structures composed of protein
and RNA; the site of protein synthesis
◉ endoplasmic reticulum Answer: the manufacturing plant;
responsible for synthesis of proteins and lipids for use inside and
outside the cell
◉ Difference between smooth ER and rough ER. Answer: With
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough ER, and functions
in protein synthesis. Without ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and
functions in lipid synthesis.
◉ Golgi apparatus Answer: UPS or FedEx; packages and modifies
proteins for transport and export out of the cell
◉ Mitochondria Answer: the powerhouses of the cell and
contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration
◉ Lysosome Answer: "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain
digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria
