PHGY 216 Final Exam
Exam Coverage:
Comprehensive human physiology, including cellular processes,
homeostasis, organ systems, nervous and endocrine regulation,
cardiovascular and respiratory function, renal physiology, and
metabolism.
The PHGY 216 Final Exam assesses a student's overall understanding of
how body systems function and interact. It emphasizes integration of
physiological concepts, application to clinical scenarios, and analysis
of how the body maintains balance under normal and altered
conditions.
,Why is it advantageous that renal blood flow decreases during
exercise?
-During exercise, blood flow to working muscles increases
-To maintain blood pressure and supply blood to working muscles,
blood flow needs to be redistributed from non-essential organs such
as the kidneys
-Decreasing renal blood flow during exercise conserves fluids and
electrolytes needed to maintain the body's balance during exercise
-Decreased renal blood flow also reduces the rate of urine formation
-This redistribution of blood flow is temporary and the kidneys will
resume their normal function once exercise has ended
-Prolonged or excessive reduction in renal blood flow can lead to
kidney damage or dysfunction
,Discuss how extrinsic control of the GFR is accomplished and the
importance of this mechanism
Extrinsic control of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is accomplished
by regulating the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles that
supply blood to the glomeruli. This control is achieved through the
activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system.
The sympathetic nervous system constricts the afferent arterioles,
reducing blood flow to the glomeruli and thereby decreasing the GFR.
This mechanism is important in situations such as exercise, when the
body needs to redirect blood flow to the working muscles.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated when there is a
decrease in blood pressure or blood volume. It leads to the release of
renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then
, converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II constricts the afferent
arterioles, decreasing blood flow to the glomeruli and thereby
reducing the GFR. It also stimulates the release of aldosterone, which
promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting
ducts, increasing water reabsorption and restoring blood volume.
Extrinsic control of the GFR is important because it helps to maintain a
stable filtration rate, even under conditions of varying blood pressure
or volume. Without this control, the GFR could become too high or
too low, leading to electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, or other
complications.
Exam Coverage:
Comprehensive human physiology, including cellular processes,
homeostasis, organ systems, nervous and endocrine regulation,
cardiovascular and respiratory function, renal physiology, and
metabolism.
The PHGY 216 Final Exam assesses a student's overall understanding of
how body systems function and interact. It emphasizes integration of
physiological concepts, application to clinical scenarios, and analysis
of how the body maintains balance under normal and altered
conditions.
,Why is it advantageous that renal blood flow decreases during
exercise?
-During exercise, blood flow to working muscles increases
-To maintain blood pressure and supply blood to working muscles,
blood flow needs to be redistributed from non-essential organs such
as the kidneys
-Decreasing renal blood flow during exercise conserves fluids and
electrolytes needed to maintain the body's balance during exercise
-Decreased renal blood flow also reduces the rate of urine formation
-This redistribution of blood flow is temporary and the kidneys will
resume their normal function once exercise has ended
-Prolonged or excessive reduction in renal blood flow can lead to
kidney damage or dysfunction
,Discuss how extrinsic control of the GFR is accomplished and the
importance of this mechanism
Extrinsic control of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is accomplished
by regulating the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles that
supply blood to the glomeruli. This control is achieved through the
activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system.
The sympathetic nervous system constricts the afferent arterioles,
reducing blood flow to the glomeruli and thereby decreasing the GFR.
This mechanism is important in situations such as exercise, when the
body needs to redirect blood flow to the working muscles.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated when there is a
decrease in blood pressure or blood volume. It leads to the release of
renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then
, converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II constricts the afferent
arterioles, decreasing blood flow to the glomeruli and thereby
reducing the GFR. It also stimulates the release of aldosterone, which
promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting
ducts, increasing water reabsorption and restoring blood volume.
Extrinsic control of the GFR is important because it helps to maintain a
stable filtration rate, even under conditions of varying blood pressure
or volume. Without this control, the GFR could become too high or
too low, leading to electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, or other
complications.
