WGU C190 BIO STUDY FOR OA | 2026 UPDATE | QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
Adaptation- Answer - The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and
structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment.
Aerobic- Answer - A process that requires oxygen.
Allele -An alternative form of a gene. An example would be genes that encode
eye color—some encode blue eyes (one allele), while others encode brown,
green, or hazel eye colors (other alleles). Answer -
amino acids - Answer - A small organic molecule with the structure of an
amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and an "R" group, which are all bonded
to a single central carbon atom. The difference between the "R" group is what
distinguishes one amino acid from another. Amino acids are the building blocks
of proteins.
Anaerobic- Answer - A process that occurs without oxygen.
Anaphase- Answer - A stage within the mitosis phase of cell division (also
known as cell reproduction). Anaphase starts when sister chromatids separate
from each other and ends when each set of separated, sister chromatids
arrives at the opposite poles of the cell.
anaphase I- Answer - The third stage of Meiosis I—the two homologous
chromosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles.
,anaphase II- Answer - The third stage in Meiosis II—the centromeres separate
and the sister chromatids (now individual chromosomes) move toward the
opposite poles of the cell.
artificial selection- Answer - Deliberate mating between two individuals who
were selected based on desired traits.
asexual reproduction - Answer - A type of reproduction where genetically
identical offspring are created from a single parent. This type of reproduction
does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria
and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this manner. Answer -
Atom- Answer - The basic unit of matter that cannot be further broken down
without losing its unique properties. One atom consists of a dense nucleus
surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Autosomal- Answer - Describes a trait associated with alleles located on
autosomes (non sex chromosomes).
autosomal chromosome- Answer - A chromosome not involved in sex
determination.
biogeochemical cycle- Answer - The processes that transfer chemical elements
between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem. There are several
main cycles: the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the
phosphorus cycle.
,Biome- Answer - A large naturally occurring community of plants and animals
occupying a major habitat. Examples include tropical forest and arctic tundra.
Biomes- Answer - A pattern of distribution of ecosystems across the globe,
where similar environmental conditions lead to similar animal and plant
adaptations. Examples of biomes include tropical rainforests, deserts, and
tundra.
biosphere- Answer - All areas on, within, and around the planet Earth that are
capable of supporting life.
Calvin cycle (Calvin-Ben Answer - son cycle or light-independent reaction)- The
set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis.
The cycle is light-independent because it takes place after the energy has been
captured from sunlight. Also called Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-Calvin Cycle.
Carbohydrates- Answer - The extracellular surface of the cell membrane is
decorated with carbohydrate groups attached to lipids and proteins. These
short carbohydrates play a role in giving a cell its identity (i.e., distinguishing
self from non-self) and are the distinguishing factor in human blood types.
carbon cycle- Answer - The biogeochemical cycle through which carbon flows
between the atmosphere, water, land, and ecosystems.
cell cycle- Answer - A series of phases in the life of the cell through which it
grows and divides.
cell wall- Answer - Protective and reinforcing structure found in certain cells,
situated outside the plasma membrane. Bacterial cell walls are mainly built of
peptidoglycan, although they may also contain lipidic molecules. Among
, eukaryotes, plants and fungi possess cell walls, made of cellulose and chitin,
respectively.
cellular respiration- Answer - Use of oxygen to release energy from nutrients;
also called aerobic respiration.
Centromere- Answer - A specific section of a chromosome where spindle fibers
attach during cell division; also the connection point of sister chromatids.
Chlorophyll- Answer - A plant pigment used to absorb light energy for
photosynthesis. Chlorophyll gives plants their green color because it absorbs
red and blue light particularly well, while reflecting green.
Chloroplast- Answer - An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists
(single-celled eukaryotic organisms) that contain pigments such as chlorophyl.
Its primary function is to capture solar energy and convert it into chemical
energy through the process of photosynthesis. Chloroplast absorbs sunlight
energy and uses the energy to power the synthesis of organic food molecules
(sugars). A chloroplast contains its own DNA as a single circular chromosome.
Sister Chromatid - Answer - One of two identical copies of a chromosome
duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle. A centromere connects two
sister chromatids together. When joined together, sister chromatids compose
one chromosome. Chromatids are separated from each other during mitosis or
meiosis II.
Citric acid cycle- Answer - The 2nd stage of aerobic cellular respiration that
occurs when acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes
through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
AND ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
Adaptation- Answer - The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and
structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment.
Aerobic- Answer - A process that requires oxygen.
Allele -An alternative form of a gene. An example would be genes that encode
eye color—some encode blue eyes (one allele), while others encode brown,
green, or hazel eye colors (other alleles). Answer -
amino acids - Answer - A small organic molecule with the structure of an
amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and an "R" group, which are all bonded
to a single central carbon atom. The difference between the "R" group is what
distinguishes one amino acid from another. Amino acids are the building blocks
of proteins.
Anaerobic- Answer - A process that occurs without oxygen.
Anaphase- Answer - A stage within the mitosis phase of cell division (also
known as cell reproduction). Anaphase starts when sister chromatids separate
from each other and ends when each set of separated, sister chromatids
arrives at the opposite poles of the cell.
anaphase I- Answer - The third stage of Meiosis I—the two homologous
chromosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles.
,anaphase II- Answer - The third stage in Meiosis II—the centromeres separate
and the sister chromatids (now individual chromosomes) move toward the
opposite poles of the cell.
artificial selection- Answer - Deliberate mating between two individuals who
were selected based on desired traits.
asexual reproduction - Answer - A type of reproduction where genetically
identical offspring are created from a single parent. This type of reproduction
does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria
and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this manner. Answer -
Atom- Answer - The basic unit of matter that cannot be further broken down
without losing its unique properties. One atom consists of a dense nucleus
surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Autosomal- Answer - Describes a trait associated with alleles located on
autosomes (non sex chromosomes).
autosomal chromosome- Answer - A chromosome not involved in sex
determination.
biogeochemical cycle- Answer - The processes that transfer chemical elements
between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem. There are several
main cycles: the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the
phosphorus cycle.
,Biome- Answer - A large naturally occurring community of plants and animals
occupying a major habitat. Examples include tropical forest and arctic tundra.
Biomes- Answer - A pattern of distribution of ecosystems across the globe,
where similar environmental conditions lead to similar animal and plant
adaptations. Examples of biomes include tropical rainforests, deserts, and
tundra.
biosphere- Answer - All areas on, within, and around the planet Earth that are
capable of supporting life.
Calvin cycle (Calvin-Ben Answer - son cycle or light-independent reaction)- The
set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis.
The cycle is light-independent because it takes place after the energy has been
captured from sunlight. Also called Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-Calvin Cycle.
Carbohydrates- Answer - The extracellular surface of the cell membrane is
decorated with carbohydrate groups attached to lipids and proteins. These
short carbohydrates play a role in giving a cell its identity (i.e., distinguishing
self from non-self) and are the distinguishing factor in human blood types.
carbon cycle- Answer - The biogeochemical cycle through which carbon flows
between the atmosphere, water, land, and ecosystems.
cell cycle- Answer - A series of phases in the life of the cell through which it
grows and divides.
cell wall- Answer - Protective and reinforcing structure found in certain cells,
situated outside the plasma membrane. Bacterial cell walls are mainly built of
peptidoglycan, although they may also contain lipidic molecules. Among
, eukaryotes, plants and fungi possess cell walls, made of cellulose and chitin,
respectively.
cellular respiration- Answer - Use of oxygen to release energy from nutrients;
also called aerobic respiration.
Centromere- Answer - A specific section of a chromosome where spindle fibers
attach during cell division; also the connection point of sister chromatids.
Chlorophyll- Answer - A plant pigment used to absorb light energy for
photosynthesis. Chlorophyll gives plants their green color because it absorbs
red and blue light particularly well, while reflecting green.
Chloroplast- Answer - An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists
(single-celled eukaryotic organisms) that contain pigments such as chlorophyl.
Its primary function is to capture solar energy and convert it into chemical
energy through the process of photosynthesis. Chloroplast absorbs sunlight
energy and uses the energy to power the synthesis of organic food molecules
(sugars). A chloroplast contains its own DNA as a single circular chromosome.
Sister Chromatid - Answer - One of two identical copies of a chromosome
duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle. A centromere connects two
sister chromatids together. When joined together, sister chromatids compose
one chromosome. Chromatids are separated from each other during mitosis or
meiosis II.
Citric acid cycle- Answer - The 2nd stage of aerobic cellular respiration that
occurs when acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes
through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
