Spce 611 Exam1,2,3,4,5 with Actual
Questions and Answers Latest
Updated 2025/2026 (Graded A+),
Exams of Advanced Data Analysis
attention. His teachers decide to implement a procedure in which they provide
no attention for his verbal outbursts. What procedure have they implemented?
- ANSWER//extinction Which of the following is a prerequisite necessary for
imitation training? - ANSWER//pre-attending The idea that simple, logical
explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more
complex or abstract explanations are considered. - ANSWER//parsimony
Operant stimulus control has been achieved when: - ANSWER//A response
occurs more frequently in the presence of a specific stimuus but rarely occurs
in the absence of the stimulus. Transitive CMO's and SD's are often confused.
How do you differentiate between whether something is an SD or a transitive
CMO in relation to its reinforcer? - ANSWER//The reinforcer is more available
when the SD is present than when it is not Which one is not a single-subject
research design? - ANSWER//Multiple Baseline across treatments
ABA - scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably
influence socially significant behavior and for developing a technology of
behavior change that takes practical advantage of those discoveries **
socially important behaviors What are the three types of investigations in
science? - 1. description 2. prediction 3. control Description - collection of
facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined
for possible relations - suggests hypotheses or questions Prediction - relative
probability that when one event occurs, another event will or will not occur -
based on repeated observations that reveal correlations - no causal
relationships can be interpreted Control - highest level of scientific
understanding - functional relations can be derived Functional Relation -
specific change in one event (DV) can reliably be produced by specific
manipulations of another event (IV) What are the six scientific attitudes? - 1.
determinism 2. empiricism 3. experimentation 4. replication 5. parsimony 6.
philosophic doubt Determinism - presumption that the universe is a lawful and
orderly place in which all phenomena occur as a result of other events -
assumption upon which science is predicated - events do not just occur at will
- events are related in systematic ways Empiricism - practice of objective
observation of phenomena of interest - what all scientific knowledge is built
upon Experimentation - basic strategy in most sciences Experiment - carefully
conducted comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (DV)
under two or more different conditions where only one factor at a time (IV)
differs Replication - the repeating of experiments to determine the reliability
and usefulness of findings - includes repetition of IV conditions - methods
where mistakes are discovered Parsimony - the idea that simple, logical
explanations must be rules out, experimentally or conceptually, before more
complex or abstract explanations are considered - helps scientists fit findings
within the field's existing knowledge base Philosophic Doubt - the continual
,questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and
knowledge - involves the use of scientific evidence before implementing a
new practice - constantly evaluates effectiveness of the practice after
implementation Science - a systematic approach to the understanding of
natural phenomena as evidenced by description, prediction, and control -
relies on: determinism: fundamental assumption empiricism: prime directive
experimentation: basic strategy replication: requirement for believability
parsimony: conservative value philosophic doubt: guiding conscience What
are the three branches of behavior analysis? - 1. behaviorism 2. experimental
analysis of behavior (EAB) 3. applied behavior analysis (ABA) What are the
four domains of behavior analytic science? - 1. behaviorism 2. experimental
analysis of behavior (EAB) 3. applied behavior analysis (ABA) 4. professional
practice Behaviorism - philosophy of the science of behavior - theoretical and
conceptual issues Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB) - basic research -
Skinner - experiments in lab settings with human and nonhuman subjects -
goal of discovering and clarifying fundamental principles of behavior Applied
Behavior Analysis (ABA) - development of technology for improving behavior -
applied research - discovering functional relations between socially significant
behaviors and controlling variables - humane and effective technology
Professional Practice - - providing behavior analytic services - design,
implement, and evaluate behavior change programs derived from principles of
behavior Psychology in early 1900s.... - study of states of consciousness,
images, and other mental processes Watson - argued that psychology should
focus on observable behavior - early form of behaviorism known as stimulus-
response psychology - created foundation for the study of behavior as a
natural science B.F. Skinner "The Behavior of Organisms" - formally began
the experimental branch of behavior analysis - discussed respondent and
operant behavior Respondent Behavior - - reflexive behavior - Ivan Pavlov -
are elicited by stimuli that immediately precede them (antecedents) -
antecedent + response = reflex - involuntary responses - S-R model ex.
something in your eye --> eye blink Operant Behavior - - behavior is shaped
through consequences that immediately follow it - three-term contingency - S-
R-S model - future frequency of behavior is determined primarily by its history
of consequences - shaped, selected Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
- - named as a new science by Skinner - rate of response is most common DV
- continuous measurement is made of carefully defined response classes
Radical Behaviorism - - attempts to explain all behavior, including private
behavior (ie. thinking and feeling) - Skinner Methodological Behaviorism -
philosophical position that considers behavioral events that cannot be publicly
observed to be outside the realm of science - rejects all events that are not
operationally defined - denies existence of "inner variables" - acknowledges
existence of mental events by does not consider them in analysis of behavior
- uses scientific manipulations to find functional relationships - restrictive view
Mentalism - approach to understanding behavior that assumes that a mental
or "inner" dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension - relies on
hypothetical constructs and explanatory fictions - Western intellectual thought
and theory (Descartes, Freud, Piaget) Explanatory Fictions - - fictitious
variable of the observed behavior that contributes nothing to an understanding
of variables responsible for behavior - knowledge Structuralism - - rejects all
events that are not operationally defined - restricts activities to description of
, behavior - makes no scientific manipulations; does not address causal
questions Nature of Private Events/Behavior - - radical behavioral (Skinner) -
thoughts and feelings are behavior - is distinguished from public behavior only
by its inaccessibility - has no special properties and is influenced by same
variables as public behavior/events Fuller (1949) - - one of first to report the
human application of operant behavior - subject: 18 y/o with profound mental
retardation - arm-raising response was elicited by injecting a small amount of
warm sugar-milk solution into mouth every time he moved right arm Ayllon &
Michael (1959) "The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer" - - formed
the basis for ABA - described techniques to improve functioning of chronic
psychotic or mentally retarded residents 1960s Psychology - - beginning of
effort to improve socially important behaviors - techniques for measuring
behavior and controlling and manipulating variables were sometimes
unavailable or inappropriate - little funding - no outlet for publishing studies;
difficult to communicate findings - application in education 1960s and 1970s -
- new university programs - teaching and research conducted 1968 - - formal
beginning of contemporary ABA - Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA)
began - "Baer, Wolf, & Risley" article Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
(JABA) - - first journal in US on ABA Baer, Wolf, and Risley Article - - "Some
Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis" - founding fathers of ABA -
defined criteria for research and practice - most widely cited publication -
remains standard description of discipline Dimensions of ABA - - Applied -
Behavioral - Analytic - Technological - Conceptual - Effective - Generality *
Baer, Wolf, and Risley Applied - - investigates socially significant behaviors -
examples in: social, language, academic, daily living, self-care, vocational,
recreation and/or leisure Behavioral - - precise measurement of the
observable behavior - documents targeted behavior - behavior must be
measurable Analytic - - demonstrates experimental control over occurrence
and non-occurrence of behavior - functional and replicable relationships
Technological - - written description of all procedures is detailed and clear to
allow other to replicate it - replicable technology Conceptually Systematic - -
interventions derived from relevant principles of behavior - better enable
research consumer to derive procedures from same principles - assist in
integrated discipline Effective - - improves behavior to produce effective
results - improvements much reach clinical or social significance - changes in
target behavior result in noticeable changes Generality - - produces behavior
changes that last over time - appears in other environments - or spreads to
other behaviors Other Characteristics of ABA - - Accountable - Public -
Doable - Empowering - Optimistic Accountable - created by the focus on
accessible environmental variables - reliance on direct and frequent
measurement to detect changes in behavior Public - - visible, explicit, and
straightforward - of value across a broad spectrum of fields Doable - - not
complicated or arduous - many individuals are able to implement principles
and interventions - does involve more than learning to do some procedures
Empowering - - provides practitioners with real tools - raises confidence
Optimistic - - possibilities for each individual - detect small improvements -
positive outcomes yield a more optimistic attitude about future successes -
peer-reviewed literature provides many examples of success Behavior of an
Organism - portion of the organism's interaction with the environment
Temporal Locus - when in time a behavior occurs Temporal Extent - duration
Questions and Answers Latest
Updated 2025/2026 (Graded A+),
Exams of Advanced Data Analysis
attention. His teachers decide to implement a procedure in which they provide
no attention for his verbal outbursts. What procedure have they implemented?
- ANSWER//extinction Which of the following is a prerequisite necessary for
imitation training? - ANSWER//pre-attending The idea that simple, logical
explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more
complex or abstract explanations are considered. - ANSWER//parsimony
Operant stimulus control has been achieved when: - ANSWER//A response
occurs more frequently in the presence of a specific stimuus but rarely occurs
in the absence of the stimulus. Transitive CMO's and SD's are often confused.
How do you differentiate between whether something is an SD or a transitive
CMO in relation to its reinforcer? - ANSWER//The reinforcer is more available
when the SD is present than when it is not Which one is not a single-subject
research design? - ANSWER//Multiple Baseline across treatments
ABA - scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably
influence socially significant behavior and for developing a technology of
behavior change that takes practical advantage of those discoveries **
socially important behaviors What are the three types of investigations in
science? - 1. description 2. prediction 3. control Description - collection of
facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined
for possible relations - suggests hypotheses or questions Prediction - relative
probability that when one event occurs, another event will or will not occur -
based on repeated observations that reveal correlations - no causal
relationships can be interpreted Control - highest level of scientific
understanding - functional relations can be derived Functional Relation -
specific change in one event (DV) can reliably be produced by specific
manipulations of another event (IV) What are the six scientific attitudes? - 1.
determinism 2. empiricism 3. experimentation 4. replication 5. parsimony 6.
philosophic doubt Determinism - presumption that the universe is a lawful and
orderly place in which all phenomena occur as a result of other events -
assumption upon which science is predicated - events do not just occur at will
- events are related in systematic ways Empiricism - practice of objective
observation of phenomena of interest - what all scientific knowledge is built
upon Experimentation - basic strategy in most sciences Experiment - carefully
conducted comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (DV)
under two or more different conditions where only one factor at a time (IV)
differs Replication - the repeating of experiments to determine the reliability
and usefulness of findings - includes repetition of IV conditions - methods
where mistakes are discovered Parsimony - the idea that simple, logical
explanations must be rules out, experimentally or conceptually, before more
complex or abstract explanations are considered - helps scientists fit findings
within the field's existing knowledge base Philosophic Doubt - the continual
,questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and
knowledge - involves the use of scientific evidence before implementing a
new practice - constantly evaluates effectiveness of the practice after
implementation Science - a systematic approach to the understanding of
natural phenomena as evidenced by description, prediction, and control -
relies on: determinism: fundamental assumption empiricism: prime directive
experimentation: basic strategy replication: requirement for believability
parsimony: conservative value philosophic doubt: guiding conscience What
are the three branches of behavior analysis? - 1. behaviorism 2. experimental
analysis of behavior (EAB) 3. applied behavior analysis (ABA) What are the
four domains of behavior analytic science? - 1. behaviorism 2. experimental
analysis of behavior (EAB) 3. applied behavior analysis (ABA) 4. professional
practice Behaviorism - philosophy of the science of behavior - theoretical and
conceptual issues Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB) - basic research -
Skinner - experiments in lab settings with human and nonhuman subjects -
goal of discovering and clarifying fundamental principles of behavior Applied
Behavior Analysis (ABA) - development of technology for improving behavior -
applied research - discovering functional relations between socially significant
behaviors and controlling variables - humane and effective technology
Professional Practice - - providing behavior analytic services - design,
implement, and evaluate behavior change programs derived from principles of
behavior Psychology in early 1900s.... - study of states of consciousness,
images, and other mental processes Watson - argued that psychology should
focus on observable behavior - early form of behaviorism known as stimulus-
response psychology - created foundation for the study of behavior as a
natural science B.F. Skinner "The Behavior of Organisms" - formally began
the experimental branch of behavior analysis - discussed respondent and
operant behavior Respondent Behavior - - reflexive behavior - Ivan Pavlov -
are elicited by stimuli that immediately precede them (antecedents) -
antecedent + response = reflex - involuntary responses - S-R model ex.
something in your eye --> eye blink Operant Behavior - - behavior is shaped
through consequences that immediately follow it - three-term contingency - S-
R-S model - future frequency of behavior is determined primarily by its history
of consequences - shaped, selected Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
- - named as a new science by Skinner - rate of response is most common DV
- continuous measurement is made of carefully defined response classes
Radical Behaviorism - - attempts to explain all behavior, including private
behavior (ie. thinking and feeling) - Skinner Methodological Behaviorism -
philosophical position that considers behavioral events that cannot be publicly
observed to be outside the realm of science - rejects all events that are not
operationally defined - denies existence of "inner variables" - acknowledges
existence of mental events by does not consider them in analysis of behavior
- uses scientific manipulations to find functional relationships - restrictive view
Mentalism - approach to understanding behavior that assumes that a mental
or "inner" dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension - relies on
hypothetical constructs and explanatory fictions - Western intellectual thought
and theory (Descartes, Freud, Piaget) Explanatory Fictions - - fictitious
variable of the observed behavior that contributes nothing to an understanding
of variables responsible for behavior - knowledge Structuralism - - rejects all
events that are not operationally defined - restricts activities to description of
, behavior - makes no scientific manipulations; does not address causal
questions Nature of Private Events/Behavior - - radical behavioral (Skinner) -
thoughts and feelings are behavior - is distinguished from public behavior only
by its inaccessibility - has no special properties and is influenced by same
variables as public behavior/events Fuller (1949) - - one of first to report the
human application of operant behavior - subject: 18 y/o with profound mental
retardation - arm-raising response was elicited by injecting a small amount of
warm sugar-milk solution into mouth every time he moved right arm Ayllon &
Michael (1959) "The Psychiatric Nurse as a Behavioral Engineer" - - formed
the basis for ABA - described techniques to improve functioning of chronic
psychotic or mentally retarded residents 1960s Psychology - - beginning of
effort to improve socially important behaviors - techniques for measuring
behavior and controlling and manipulating variables were sometimes
unavailable or inappropriate - little funding - no outlet for publishing studies;
difficult to communicate findings - application in education 1960s and 1970s -
- new university programs - teaching and research conducted 1968 - - formal
beginning of contemporary ABA - Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA)
began - "Baer, Wolf, & Risley" article Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
(JABA) - - first journal in US on ABA Baer, Wolf, and Risley Article - - "Some
Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis" - founding fathers of ABA -
defined criteria for research and practice - most widely cited publication -
remains standard description of discipline Dimensions of ABA - - Applied -
Behavioral - Analytic - Technological - Conceptual - Effective - Generality *
Baer, Wolf, and Risley Applied - - investigates socially significant behaviors -
examples in: social, language, academic, daily living, self-care, vocational,
recreation and/or leisure Behavioral - - precise measurement of the
observable behavior - documents targeted behavior - behavior must be
measurable Analytic - - demonstrates experimental control over occurrence
and non-occurrence of behavior - functional and replicable relationships
Technological - - written description of all procedures is detailed and clear to
allow other to replicate it - replicable technology Conceptually Systematic - -
interventions derived from relevant principles of behavior - better enable
research consumer to derive procedures from same principles - assist in
integrated discipline Effective - - improves behavior to produce effective
results - improvements much reach clinical or social significance - changes in
target behavior result in noticeable changes Generality - - produces behavior
changes that last over time - appears in other environments - or spreads to
other behaviors Other Characteristics of ABA - - Accountable - Public -
Doable - Empowering - Optimistic Accountable - created by the focus on
accessible environmental variables - reliance on direct and frequent
measurement to detect changes in behavior Public - - visible, explicit, and
straightforward - of value across a broad spectrum of fields Doable - - not
complicated or arduous - many individuals are able to implement principles
and interventions - does involve more than learning to do some procedures
Empowering - - provides practitioners with real tools - raises confidence
Optimistic - - possibilities for each individual - detect small improvements -
positive outcomes yield a more optimistic attitude about future successes -
peer-reviewed literature provides many examples of success Behavior of an
Organism - portion of the organism's interaction with the environment
Temporal Locus - when in time a behavior occurs Temporal Extent - duration
