TRU BIOL 2131 EXAM WITH CORRECT
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST
ALREADY GRADED A+
Cellulose
unbranched, highly extended, structural role.
Main component in plant cell walls
Chitin
a polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects
and the cell walls of fungi
- does not consist of glucose monomers
hydrogenation of fat
converts some cis bonds to trans = straighter
steroid structure
characteristic 4-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton
Important steroid in body
cholesterol - component of animal cell membranes, precursor
for steroid hormones such as testosterone progesterone and
estrogen
,phospholipid structure
2FAs + glycerol
one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic end
function primarily in cell membranes
4 types of macromolecules? Which monomers are the
building blocks of polymers?
- sugars = polysaccharides
- amino acids = proteins
- nucleotides = nucleic acids
- FAs = lipids
3 polysaccharides composed of glucose polymers
glycogen, starch, cellulose
3 types of lipid molecules and role of each
- Fats = rich in chemical energy; energy storage
- Steroids = components of animal cell membranes and
precursors of steroid hormones; cholesterol is involved in
membrane fluidity
- Phospholipids: cell membranes
functions of proteins?
enzymes, structural cables, hormones/growth factors,
membrane receptors/transporters, contractile filaments,
antibodies, etc
how are peptide bonds formed? broken?
condensation (dehydration) reaction... hydrolysis
,3 unique Amino Acids
- Glycine: only H atom as side chain = very flexible
- Proline: amino group as part of ring = produces kinks or
hinges
- Cysteine: contains sulfhydryl group = can form disulfide
bridges
Primary structure of protein
linear sequence of amino acids
secondary structure of protein
conformation of portions of the polypeptide chain.
- Alpha helix and beta sheets
- Both stabilized by hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure
conformation of the entire polypeptide
- Stabilized by non-covalent bonds (van der waals, hydrogen
bonds, ionic bonds) and covalent bonds (disulfide)
quaternary structure
more than one chain or subunit
denaturation
unfolding or disorganization of a protein
- interferes with interactions that stabilize the protein's
tertiary structure
molecular chaperones
, helper proteins that assist unfolded or misfolded proteins to
achieve their proper conformation
chaperonins
cylindrical protein complexes that provide a sheltered
environment for folding of large polypeptides
nucleotides consist of
pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
RNA world hypothesis
hypothesis that earlier forms of life may have relied solely on
RNA to store genetic info and to catalyze chemical reactions
Alpha helix vs beta sheets
Alpha: can be extended in length if subjected to pulling forces
Beta strands: highly extended and resist pulling
magnification vs resolution
Mag = enlargement of an object
resolution = quality of the image (ability to see finer,
distinguishing details)
phase-contrast microscopy advantage
able to visualize live cells
fluorescence microscopy
uses a fluorescent dye that emits fluorescence when
illuminated with ultraviolet radiation
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST
ALREADY GRADED A+
Cellulose
unbranched, highly extended, structural role.
Main component in plant cell walls
Chitin
a polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects
and the cell walls of fungi
- does not consist of glucose monomers
hydrogenation of fat
converts some cis bonds to trans = straighter
steroid structure
characteristic 4-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton
Important steroid in body
cholesterol - component of animal cell membranes, precursor
for steroid hormones such as testosterone progesterone and
estrogen
,phospholipid structure
2FAs + glycerol
one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic end
function primarily in cell membranes
4 types of macromolecules? Which monomers are the
building blocks of polymers?
- sugars = polysaccharides
- amino acids = proteins
- nucleotides = nucleic acids
- FAs = lipids
3 polysaccharides composed of glucose polymers
glycogen, starch, cellulose
3 types of lipid molecules and role of each
- Fats = rich in chemical energy; energy storage
- Steroids = components of animal cell membranes and
precursors of steroid hormones; cholesterol is involved in
membrane fluidity
- Phospholipids: cell membranes
functions of proteins?
enzymes, structural cables, hormones/growth factors,
membrane receptors/transporters, contractile filaments,
antibodies, etc
how are peptide bonds formed? broken?
condensation (dehydration) reaction... hydrolysis
,3 unique Amino Acids
- Glycine: only H atom as side chain = very flexible
- Proline: amino group as part of ring = produces kinks or
hinges
- Cysteine: contains sulfhydryl group = can form disulfide
bridges
Primary structure of protein
linear sequence of amino acids
secondary structure of protein
conformation of portions of the polypeptide chain.
- Alpha helix and beta sheets
- Both stabilized by hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure
conformation of the entire polypeptide
- Stabilized by non-covalent bonds (van der waals, hydrogen
bonds, ionic bonds) and covalent bonds (disulfide)
quaternary structure
more than one chain or subunit
denaturation
unfolding or disorganization of a protein
- interferes with interactions that stabilize the protein's
tertiary structure
molecular chaperones
, helper proteins that assist unfolded or misfolded proteins to
achieve their proper conformation
chaperonins
cylindrical protein complexes that provide a sheltered
environment for folding of large polypeptides
nucleotides consist of
pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
RNA world hypothesis
hypothesis that earlier forms of life may have relied solely on
RNA to store genetic info and to catalyze chemical reactions
Alpha helix vs beta sheets
Alpha: can be extended in length if subjected to pulling forces
Beta strands: highly extended and resist pulling
magnification vs resolution
Mag = enlargement of an object
resolution = quality of the image (ability to see finer,
distinguishing details)
phase-contrast microscopy advantage
able to visualize live cells
fluorescence microscopy
uses a fluorescent dye that emits fluorescence when
illuminated with ultraviolet radiation
