Quiz 2: NURS 180 / NURS180 (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Pharmacology | Verified Questions & Answers | 100% Correct Solutions | Grade A | WCU

Quiz 2: NURS 180 / NURS180 (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Pharmacology | Verified Questions & Answers | 100% Correct Solutions | Grade A | WCU Q: What are some modifiable risk factors for a patient with PUD? Answer Caffeine and tobacco Q: Long-term us of PPIs can increase what? Answer osteopenia and osteoporsis Q: What are some examples of PPI? Answer Omeprazole, Pantoprazole -medications that end with "-zole" Q: In what situation would combination therapy with PPI and and antibiotics commonly prescribed? Answer For patients with H.pylori Q: Most common combination therapy combinations will add which drug? Answer Amoxicillin, clarithromycin metronidazole(Flagyl) Q: When should antacids be administered? Answer at least 2 hours before other oral medication Q: how does Sulcrafate work? Answer dissolving into a gel and sticks to the ulcer site almost like a bandaid. Q: When should sulcrafate be given? Answer should be taken 1 hour before meals and at bedtime Q: What is the large intestine responsible for? Answer absorption of water along with the elimination of fecal matter Q: Constipation can be connected to? Answer the low ingestion of fiber containing foods. When that happens the stool stays in the intestines for a long time and they get hard Q: Lomotil Answer a combination of diphenoxilate and atropine Q: Does diphenoxilate have analgesic properties? Answer no Q: What can happen when fat soluble vitamins are ingested? Answer Can be toxic Q: Patient is receiving TPN what should the nurse remind the physician to order? Answer blood sugar checks due to the high glucose content in the TPN Q: Type 1 diabetic patients are at risk for Answer DKA Q: cause of type 1 diabetes Answer Endocrine function from the pancreas is not working, thus the pancreas are not producing insulin Q: What should a nurse do if a diabetic person is unresponsive? Answer The nurse must first asses ABC Then assess and treat for hypoglycemia Q: How to treat for hypoglycemia. Answer 15-15-15 rule Q: if alert and able to swallow, give OJ Answer If lethargic without IV, give IM Glucagon If lethargic with IV, give Dextrose 50% Followup with longer lasting carbs, ie sandwhich, milk Q: how to store unopened vials of insulin Answer can be stored at room temperature but should be stored away from direct sunlight or direct heat. Q: What is type 2 diabetes mellitus? Answer the pancreas produces insulin, but the cells cannot use it. Q: Why must insulin be injected and not orally? Answer it is destroyed in stomach acid if taken orally Q: Metformin (Glucophage) Answer a medication used for Diabetes type II, decreases sugar production (gluconeogenesis) in the liver and reduces insulin resistance. Q: Which insulin can only be administered thru IV? Answer Regular insulin Q: What is vasopressin? Answer the synthetic form for ADH Q: What is vasopressin used to treat? Answer diabetes insipidus Q: What is iodine 131 Answer utilized in the treatment of hyperthyroidism Patient may produce high TSH level if? Answer If T3 and T4 production by the thyroid is low, through the negative feedback system, What are the increased risk factors for PUD? Answer Intake of Caffeine and tobacco, Type O blood and excess stress. Does diabetes and PUD relate? Answer no What is reglan? prokinetic agent because it speeds up peristalsis and can be prescribed in the treatment of GERD Misoprostol (Cytotec) gastric secretion and stimulates the production of protective mucus Bismuth (Pepto-Bismol) inhibits bacterial growth. Antacids neutralize stomach acid. Know the med math formula D/H x Q Levothyroxine has higher affinity to the protein in the blood.It also accelerates the degradation of vitamin K dependent clotting factors, which enhances the effects of warfarin. If a patient taking warfarin, starts taking levothyroxine they may need to do what? reduce their warfarin dose What are signs hypothyroidism low heart rate low temperature pale skin feeling cold and tired. Which hormones is lacking in diabetes insipidus? lack of antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ), also called vasopressin Most common cause of hyperthyroidism Graves disease Elderly patients have a decreased renal function If a elderly patient is taking medications that are highly excreted by the kidneys the nurse should do what? request a renal function test Maalox aluminum and Magnesium antacid/ assess patient for kidney function Why does a patients renal function need to be checked before taking maalox? Magnesium-based products may cause diarrhea/ should be avoided in patients with chronic renal failure. Magnesium supplements can cause excessive accumulation of magnesium in the blood, especially with patients who have chronic kidney disease Why is iodine required for thyroid hormones? So the thyroid glans can make T3 and T4 Characteristics of Cushing's syndrome weight gain, osteoporosis, immune suppression, moon face, increased facial hair among others. How to draw insulin Put air into NPH then regular then draw regular then NPH Cloudy clear clear cloudy Prilosec Omeprazole Proton Pump Inhibitor How to prevent ulcers take prilosec Patients needing to take NSAIDS can do what minimize damage to GI, What does TPN or PPN do nutrition delivered through the vein. Due the intravenous nature of its delivery, there is an increase in the risk for infection Vitamin D allows for Calcium absorption in the gut. Thus vit D is usually prescribed along with calcium supplementation in patients with osteoporosis. Where can fat soluble vitamins be stored? the fat and live Water soluble vitamins in excess will cause the excess to be excreted in the urine. Enteral feedings are hyperosmolar solutions, can lead to dehydration in the instances where patient does not intake enough water. What should the nurse encourage a patient do in between enteral feeding? educate patient to consume extra fluids in between the feedings What is important for a patient taking Laxative bulk the nurse educates the patient to drink lots of fluid with this medication -They should mix the medication in a full glass of water and drink another full glass of water afterwards. Misoprostol (Cytotec) gastric secretion and stimulates the production of protective mucus Difference between Type 1 and Type 2 DM Type 1: pancreas produces little or no insulin Type 2: pancreas makes insulin, but cells resist insulin's action What are the labs done to identify diabetes in a patient? Hemoglobin A1C (Big indicator for DM) Glucose Tolerant Test Fasting Glucose What are the different types of TYPE 1 DM insulins? Rapid Insulin Immediate Insulin Short & Long Acting Are there any insulins that you shouldn't mix? Yes, DO NOT mix long acting with ANYTHING Long Acting is always by itself Why is insulin given subQ? GI tract neutralizes so it doesn't really distribute it if given the oral route What is the reverse medication for "too much insulin"? Glucagon: IM route Blood glucose is low, what should you do first? Assess blood sugar, LOC, swallow & gag, hospital protocol Can Type 2 DM become a Type 1? Yes with modifiable factors -- Diet & Exercise 3 P's of diabetes Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia Sulfonylureas Helps secrete insulin Location: Pancreas Adverse effect: Too much insulin, glucose drops (Hypoglycemia) Nursing Considerations: NO ETOH MED TO KNOW: Glucotrol PO Meglitinide Stimulates release of insulin from pancreatic islet cells Hypoglycemia Similar to Sulfonyareas You can have more ETOH than the Sulfonyareas MED TO KNOW: Prandine Biguanides Decreases hepatic reduction of glucose Reduces insulin resistance in receptors Location: Liver Too much glucose? Excretes it or store it in liver as glucagon later Not enough glucose? Reserve of glucagon in the liver will help compensate MED TO KNOW: Metaformin Benefits: Weight loss, reduces triglycerides & LDLs Nursing Considerations: CANNOT CRUSH! Require monitoring-q3months testing of Hemoglobin A1C Thiazolidinediones Reduces blood glucose by decreasing insulin Inhibits gluconeogenesis Hepatotoxic Location: Liver Liver functions should be monitored, if there's something wrong; metabolism & distribution are affected Contraindicated in HF & Pulmonary Edema MED TO KNOW: Avandia Alpha-Glucosidase Blocks glucose enzymes that break down to usable amounts Liver needs to be monitored; Small Intestine Garlic &/or Ginseng: Increases risk of hypoglycemic (Synergistic effect) Watch carb intake; don't eliminate too much "Diabetic Sick Days" Make sure you ear, don't starve. Broths, Gatorade, Electrolytes; ^ High Blood Sugar = Bacteria is feeding from the sugar -- Risk for sepsis What kind of meds should be absorbed in the duodenum? Basic meds What kind of meds should be absorbed in the gastric? Acid meds Difference between Chief & Parietal Cells Chief Cells: Proteins are broken down Parietal Cells: Secrete hydrochloric acid; inhibits chief cells to break down proteins; kills microbes What is an ulcer? a break in skin or mucous membrane with loss of surface tissue, disintegration and necrosis of epithelial tissue, and often pus Gastric Ulcer Located in the stomach Relieved by alkaline based food Side effects: anorexia, loss of appetite, N/V Duodenum Ulcer Ulcer in small intestine Relieved by food (1-3hrs after eating) Protein Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Inhibits hydrochloric acid from being secreted Jump started when we eat food, need more acid More sensitive to pH Administered BEFORE food (20-30 min before), no specific route MED TO KNOW: Protonix H2-Receotir Antagonists Histamine Receptors: H1: Allergies H2: Increase secretion of gastric acid Antacids should NOT be taken -- makes H2 receptor antagonists ineffective MED TO KNOW: Pepside Antacids Neutralizes acids in stomach Doesn't do anything to ulcers, for systematic use Most abused b/c makes absorption and distribution ineffective More susceptible to infection b/c people take more OTC with smaller doses What are the antacid meds & any complications and considerations to identify? Aluminum Hydroxide Calcium Carbonate Complication: Kidney stones Magnesium Hydroxide Be careful for kidney patients or magnesium issues Contraindicated with diarrhea Sodium Bicarb If patient has a high cholesterol, don't give this Electrolytes & Pharmacokinetics Carafate An anticulcer agent Gives protective coating over the ulcer Protects from erosion, promotes healing Bisacodyl Stimulant laxative Increases peristalsis Could cause diarrhea Docusate Stool softner Causes more water & fat to be absorbed in stool Large intestine Too much water? Constipation Less water? Diarrhea Senna Herbal Irritates bowel to increase peristalsis People usually take at home Anti-Diarrheal Don't take with a flu, food poisoning Need to be excreted, not secreted b/c don't want to hold in bacteria Hypothyroid Hyperthyroid Humilin R Short Acting Insulin Onset: 30-60 min Peak: 2-4 hrs Duration: 5-7 hrs Accuchecks q5-7hrs Tray needs to be on the floor at least before administering insulin SUBQ Humalog & Apidra Rapid Insulin Onset: 5-15 min Peak: 30 min-1h Duration: 3-4hrs ALWAYS give subQ! Give it q3-4h, but always check blood glucose to see if you really need to administer it NPH Intermediate Insulin Onset: 1-2hrs Peak: 4-12hrs Duration: 18-24hrs SubQ q 30 min before meal b/c it takes an hour for it to kick in Levemir Long Acting Insulin Onset: Gradual Peak: 6-8hrs Duration: 24hr