COURSEMATE DIGITAL: Simplified Study Series
Course: GST 212 – Philosophy and Logic (200 Level)
Topic: The Logic Cheat Sheet (Part 1)
Prepared by: Mrs. Otunabor Favour Miracle
1. What is Logic?
Logic is the tool used to separate good reasoning from bad reasoning. It focuses on the
structure of arguments rather than just "opinions."
2. The Building Blocks: Arguments
An argument is a set of statements consisting of:
• Premises: The evidence or reasons given.
• Conclusion: The point you are trying to prove.
Example:
• Premise 1: All PUA students wear ID cards.
• Premise 2: Divine is a PUA student.
• Conclusion: Therefore, Divine wears an ID card.
3. Validity vs. Truth (Exam Favorite!)
• Validity: This is about the shape of the argument. If the premises lead
naturally to the conclusion, it is Valid.
• Truth: This is about whether the facts are actually correct in real life.
• Key Tip: An argument can be Valid even if the facts are False!
4. Common Logical Fallacies (The Errors)
• Ad Hominem: Attacking the person instead of their argument.
• Appeal to Authority: Saying something is true just because a "big person"
said it.
“Helping you ace your exams with ease.”
© 2026 CourseMate Digital
Course: GST 212 – Philosophy and Logic (200 Level)
Topic: The Logic Cheat Sheet (Part 1)
Prepared by: Mrs. Otunabor Favour Miracle
1. What is Logic?
Logic is the tool used to separate good reasoning from bad reasoning. It focuses on the
structure of arguments rather than just "opinions."
2. The Building Blocks: Arguments
An argument is a set of statements consisting of:
• Premises: The evidence or reasons given.
• Conclusion: The point you are trying to prove.
Example:
• Premise 1: All PUA students wear ID cards.
• Premise 2: Divine is a PUA student.
• Conclusion: Therefore, Divine wears an ID card.
3. Validity vs. Truth (Exam Favorite!)
• Validity: This is about the shape of the argument. If the premises lead
naturally to the conclusion, it is Valid.
• Truth: This is about whether the facts are actually correct in real life.
• Key Tip: An argument can be Valid even if the facts are False!
4. Common Logical Fallacies (The Errors)
• Ad Hominem: Attacking the person instead of their argument.
• Appeal to Authority: Saying something is true just because a "big person"
said it.
“Helping you ace your exams with ease.”
© 2026 CourseMate Digital
