PHAR 464 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the 5 error types? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Comission
Omission
Communication
Context
Diagnostic
What is an Error in commisson? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Too much or too little of a hazardous
treatment
What is an error of omission? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Failure to administer treatment for a diagnosis
What is an error of context? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Failure to recognize context
What is an error of diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Wrong, missed, or delayed diagnosis
With the swiss cheese model, what does it represent, what does each slice represent, and what types of
failures does to it attempt to shift toward? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Multidimensional nature of error
Slice = layer of defense
Shift from active (person's) failure to latent (system) failure blame.
What is just culture? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Front line is not punished, but negligence and purposeful
acts of harm are punished.
What are the two human errors of execution? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅attention-based slip
memory-based lapse
What are the two human errors of thinking (action goes as planned but it is the wrong action). Describe
them - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Rule-based mistake - Omission of a rule
, Knowledge-based mistake - mistake due to lack of knowledge
What is at-risk behavior and how do we approach it? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Behavioral choice that
increeases risk where risk is not recognized or mistakenly believed to be justified.
Must coach it
What are three actions of coaching - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Remove incentive to do the action
Create incentives for safe actions
Increase mindfulness
What are the two types of behaviors that are behavioral choices? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅At-risk
behavior and recklessness
In human cognition, there is automatic thinking and controlled thinking. What categories fall under
controlled? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Rule application and Heuristics & Bias
What is used to apply similar patterns/information to fill in knowledge gaps? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅heuristics
What is an availability heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅decision influenced by how easy something is
brought to mind
What is a base-rate heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Decision based on probability
What is a representativeness heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅comparing information with mental
prototypes
What is an anchoring heuristic? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Sticking to initial assumptions
In attention for the memory process, what three categories are barriers to attention. Give an example of
each as well. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅System - Distraction, climate
What are the 5 error types? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Comission
Omission
Communication
Context
Diagnostic
What is an Error in commisson? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Too much or too little of a hazardous
treatment
What is an error of omission? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Failure to administer treatment for a diagnosis
What is an error of context? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Failure to recognize context
What is an error of diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Wrong, missed, or delayed diagnosis
With the swiss cheese model, what does it represent, what does each slice represent, and what types of
failures does to it attempt to shift toward? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Multidimensional nature of error
Slice = layer of defense
Shift from active (person's) failure to latent (system) failure blame.
What is just culture? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Front line is not punished, but negligence and purposeful
acts of harm are punished.
What are the two human errors of execution? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅attention-based slip
memory-based lapse
What are the two human errors of thinking (action goes as planned but it is the wrong action). Describe
them - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Rule-based mistake - Omission of a rule
, Knowledge-based mistake - mistake due to lack of knowledge
What is at-risk behavior and how do we approach it? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Behavioral choice that
increeases risk where risk is not recognized or mistakenly believed to be justified.
Must coach it
What are three actions of coaching - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Remove incentive to do the action
Create incentives for safe actions
Increase mindfulness
What are the two types of behaviors that are behavioral choices? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅At-risk
behavior and recklessness
In human cognition, there is automatic thinking and controlled thinking. What categories fall under
controlled? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Rule application and Heuristics & Bias
What is used to apply similar patterns/information to fill in knowledge gaps? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅heuristics
What is an availability heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅decision influenced by how easy something is
brought to mind
What is a base-rate heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Decision based on probability
What is a representativeness heuristic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅comparing information with mental
prototypes
What is an anchoring heuristic? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Sticking to initial assumptions
In attention for the memory process, what three categories are barriers to attention. Give an example of
each as well. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅System - Distraction, climate
