BIOD 102 Exam 2 | Questions and Answers Latest
Updated (Graded A+)- Portage Learning
1. Which of the following signaling types is involved in long-term,
regulatory mechanisms including growth and sexual development?
Endocrine signaling
2. Which of the following signaling types is involved in local signaling in
which the ligand diffuses across a synapse?
Synaptic signaling
3. Which of the following signaling types is involved in local signaling in
which the ligand is not transported through the blood but rather relies
solely on diffusion into local tissue spaces and occurs within the same
organ?
Paracrine signaling
4. Which of the following signaling types is involved in local signaling in
which the cell releasing the ligand is also the target cell of the
very same ligand?
Autocrine signaling
5. Which of the following signaling types is involved in long-distance
signaling in which ligands are specifically manufactured by and stored
within neurons of the nervous system?
Neuroendocrine
6. Which of the following signaling types is/are a form of local signaling?
Synaptic, paracrine, autocrine signaling
7. Which of the following signaling types is/are a form of long-distance
signaling?
Endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling
8. What is the name of the ligands (signaling molecules) used in the
endocrine system?
Hormones
9. What is the name of the miscellaneous ligand that many animal
species release into the external environment to mark territory or
attract mates?
Pheromones
, 10. What are the two major classes of hormones? Provide and
example for each
Hormones can be characterized into two major
classes: hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic hormones include
polypeptides and some amines. Whereas, hydrophobic hormones include
steroids and some amines.
11. Neurotransmitters can be categorized into two main categories
based upon their function. Name these categories and describe their
mechanism of action.
Neurotransmitters can be further divided into two main
categories: excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory neurotransmitters
decrease the electrical threshold of post-synaptic cells allowing the action
potentials to be generated quickly. In contrast, inhibitory neurotransmitters
increase the electrical threshold of post-synaptic neurons, making it difficult
for action potentials to be generated.
12. Describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands
Endocrine glands are ductless, secreting their hormone contents directly
into the bloodstream for body-wide distribution. Whereas exocrine
glands secrete their hormone contents into a duct system.
13. The adrenal glands are responsible for secreting which of the
following hormones?
Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine adrenal cortex:
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
14. The pineal gland is responsible for secreting which of the
following hormones?
Melatonin
15. The thyroid gland is responsible for secreting which of the
following hormones?
Triiodothyronine (t3), thyroxine (t4), and calcitonin
16. The parathyroid gland is responsible for secreting which of the
following hormones?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Updated (Graded A+)- Portage Learning
1. Which of the following signaling types is involved in long-term,
regulatory mechanisms including growth and sexual development?
Endocrine signaling
2. Which of the following signaling types is involved in local signaling in
which the ligand diffuses across a synapse?
Synaptic signaling
3. Which of the following signaling types is involved in local signaling in
which the ligand is not transported through the blood but rather relies
solely on diffusion into local tissue spaces and occurs within the same
organ?
Paracrine signaling
4. Which of the following signaling types is involved in local signaling in
which the cell releasing the ligand is also the target cell of the
very same ligand?
Autocrine signaling
5. Which of the following signaling types is involved in long-distance
signaling in which ligands are specifically manufactured by and stored
within neurons of the nervous system?
Neuroendocrine
6. Which of the following signaling types is/are a form of local signaling?
Synaptic, paracrine, autocrine signaling
7. Which of the following signaling types is/are a form of long-distance
signaling?
Endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling
8. What is the name of the ligands (signaling molecules) used in the
endocrine system?
Hormones
9. What is the name of the miscellaneous ligand that many animal
species release into the external environment to mark territory or
attract mates?
Pheromones
, 10. What are the two major classes of hormones? Provide and
example for each
Hormones can be characterized into two major
classes: hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic hormones include
polypeptides and some amines. Whereas, hydrophobic hormones include
steroids and some amines.
11. Neurotransmitters can be categorized into two main categories
based upon their function. Name these categories and describe their
mechanism of action.
Neurotransmitters can be further divided into two main
categories: excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory neurotransmitters
decrease the electrical threshold of post-synaptic cells allowing the action
potentials to be generated quickly. In contrast, inhibitory neurotransmitters
increase the electrical threshold of post-synaptic neurons, making it difficult
for action potentials to be generated.
12. Describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands
Endocrine glands are ductless, secreting their hormone contents directly
into the bloodstream for body-wide distribution. Whereas exocrine
glands secrete their hormone contents into a duct system.
13. The adrenal glands are responsible for secreting which of the
following hormones?
Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine adrenal cortex:
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
14. The pineal gland is responsible for secreting which of the
following hormones?
Melatonin
15. The thyroid gland is responsible for secreting which of the
following hormones?
Triiodothyronine (t3), thyroxine (t4), and calcitonin
16. The parathyroid gland is responsible for secreting which of the
following hormones?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
