M&S Exam A collection of the common questions and correct answers (Verified)

M&S Exam A collection of the common questions and correct answers (Verified) What concept explains the error of generalizing from a small sample size? - Answer- Law of small numbers What is an individual who scores significantly higher than others in a study called? - Answer- An outlier What type of scale measures stress using a 1-5 agreement format? - Answer- Likert scale What benefit of Likert scales allows for measuring intensity of feelings? - Answer- Nuanced measurement of attitudes What type of evidence is based on personal anecdotes without systematic data? - Answer- Anecdotal evidence What source of knowledge relies on methods that have always been used? - Answer- Tradition What limitation of authority occurs when advice is not based on current evidence? - Answer- Authority is only useful if informed by current evidence What approach involves trying new interventions without systematic testing? - Answer- Trial and error What type of reasoning predicts outcomes based on general principles? - Answer- Deductive reasoning What type of reasoning concludes that aging always causes dementia from specific observations? - Answer- Inductive reasoning What feature of the scientific method involves revising theories based on experimental results? - Answer- Combination of deductive and inductive reasoning What principle of the scientific method involves controlling external variables? - Answer- Control What scientific principle is violated when a theory is insisted upon despite contradictory evidence? - Answer- Skepticism Why is a hypothesis stating 'people may feel differently in stressful situations' considered weak? - Answer- It lacks specificity What principle guides the preference for the simplest explanation with the fewest assumptions? - Answer- Parsimony (Occam's razor) What effect describes a personality test that uses vague statements applicable to most people? - Answer- Barnum effect Why is a hypothesis that cannot be proven wrong problematic? - Answer- It is not falsifiable What type of design compares a medication group to a placebo group? - Answer- Experimental design What design compares outcomes across groups without random assignment? - Answer- Quasi-experimental design What sampling method ensures everyone has an equal chance of being chosen? - Answer- Simple random sampling What sampling method involves selecting every 50th name from a list? - Answer- Systematic sampling What sampling method divides students into majors and samples proportionally? - Answer- Proportional stratified sampling What sampling method creates equal sample sizes for small and large majors? - Answer- Disproportional stratified sampling What bias occurs when participants volunteer due to interest in the topic? - Answer- Self-selection bias What sampling method involves studying people who are easiest to recruit? - Answer- Convenience sampling What data collection method relies on participants to report their own behaviors? - Answer- Self-report What bias occurs when participants exaggerate healthy behaviors? - Answer- Social desirability bias What is it called when participants change behavior based on what the experimenter expects? - Answer- Demand characteristics