BIOM 3200 Final- Blood And Immune System, Neurophysiology And
Digestion Exam Study Guide With Complete Solutions
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
- Who postulated Humoral theory and when? - ANSWER Hippocrates (460 BC -
370 BC)
- blood, phlegm, black bile (replaced water), yellow bile (gall bladder liquid)
- imbalance causes disease
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
- Closer look at each humor... - ANSWER Fire
- yellow bile, summer, choleric
Earth
- black bile, autumn, melancholic
Water
- phlegm, winter, phlegmatic
Air
- blood, spring, sanguine
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
- how would yellow bile show itself? - ANSWER - with jaundice
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
- relationship of humoral medicine with Greek natural philosophy was formalized
by who?
- what did he come up with?
- what did Galen's conclusion imply about the body and the elements of the
physical world?
What are Example of Galen's conclusion? - ANSWER - Galen (129 - 216 AD)
- That the four humors were made up of four qualities: hot, cold, dry, and wet
- that they share a common qualitative nature
- the microcosm (little world of the human body) and macrocosm (greater world)
are related to each other
,- combo of hot and wet produces element of air and humor of blood
- blood predominated in spring, and person with natural excess of blood would
have sanguine physical and psychological humoral constitution, or
temperament
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
Beliefs about what caused illness and how to restore health
- If unhealthy, what was the key thing to be done?
- How was sickness seen?
What was the believe about remedy or cure? - ANSWER - the key is to restore
balance through changes in lifestyle (diet, exercise) and medications (herbs)
- illness was seen as internal disorder of body, not a result of specific agent like
a bacteria (seen as "quackery by the middle ages")
- it was believed that "opposites cure opposites" e.g. cold remedy cures hot
illness
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
- when and by what was the humoral vision of the body replaced? - ANSWER -
humoral vision of body lasted until late seventeenth century in Europe
- The 'new science' of Galileo, Descartes, Newton, and Boyle replaced
Aristotelian qualitative natural philosophy with mechanical, chemical, and
mathematical vision of the world and of the body
Status quo up to the 17th century
- "17th Century" means up to what date in history? - ANSWER - Dec 31, 1700
Status quo up to the 17th century. What happens in the following periods of
time?
- 1200 - 1500s
- 1600s
- 1658
- 1661
- 1665
- 1667
- 1674
- 1700 - 1800s?
- 1800s - 1900s? - ANSWER 1200 - 1500s
- notions of pulmonary circulation
1600s
- valves in veins
- blood circulates in the body, is pumped by the heart
1658
,- first description of RBCs (21 yr old microscopist)
1661
- the capillary system
1665
- 1st recorded blood transfusion dog:dog
1667
- 1st human blood transfusion lamb:boy
(most failed - blood groups had not been discovered yet)
1674
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek RBCs "25,000 times smaller than grain of sand"
(microscope, microbiology)
1700 - 1800s
- transfusions still fail (still don't know about blood groups)
1800s - 1900s
- properties of blood emerge (e.g. coagulation factors, platelets in clots)
- leads to successful human blood transplants
What happened in 1917? - ANSWER - optimize citrate-glucose solutions; prevent
coagulation, allow viable storage for transfusion
- bcs Red Cross organized civilian blood donor service during WWs leading to
new developments in storing and using blood
- "necessity is the mother of invention"
- replaced breakable glass with plastics for easy transport to Europe
- WW2 human:human direct transfusion
What happened in 1959? - ANSWER 1959
- x-ray crystallography reveals Hb structure; protein in RBCs that carries oxygen
What happened in 1965? - ANSWER 1965
- slowly thaw frozen plasma
- precipitates Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) with great clotting power
- powder 100x stronger than raw plasma
What happened in:
1971?
1981? - ANSWER 1971
- Hep B Ag discovered, and infected donors (liver disease)
1981
- first cases of AIDS (GRID)
, - Hemophiliacs developed AIDS - a blood borne component?
An X-chromosome inherited clotting disorder caused by lack of normal Factor
VIII is called: - ANSWER - hemophilia
Specific functions of the circulatory system are: - ANSWER 1. Transportation
2. Regulation
3. Protection
What are all the substances essential for cellular metabolism transported by
circulatory system? - ANSWER - respiratory (RBCs)
- nutritive (digestive)
- excretory (wastes)
Specific functions of the circulatory system
- regulation - ANSWER - hormonal
- temperature (regulated by where blood is concentrated)
The circulatory system protects from what? - ANSWER - injury (clotting)
- pathogens (immune)
Blood constituents - the cells
- components of a centrifuged sample - ANSWER - 55% blood plasma
- 45% formed elements (W + R cells, platelets)
- <1% white blood cells
Blood constituents - the cells
- What are the types of blood cells? - ANSWER Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Platelets (blood clotting)
Process through which red blood cells are produced? - ANSWER -
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
What stem cells go through series of stages in bone marrow?
Explain what happens once nucleus is expelled.
What play important role in hematopoiesis?
Digestion Exam Study Guide With Complete Solutions
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
- Who postulated Humoral theory and when? - ANSWER Hippocrates (460 BC -
370 BC)
- blood, phlegm, black bile (replaced water), yellow bile (gall bladder liquid)
- imbalance causes disease
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
- Closer look at each humor... - ANSWER Fire
- yellow bile, summer, choleric
Earth
- black bile, autumn, melancholic
Water
- phlegm, winter, phlegmatic
Air
- blood, spring, sanguine
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
- how would yellow bile show itself? - ANSWER - with jaundice
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
- relationship of humoral medicine with Greek natural philosophy was formalized
by who?
- what did he come up with?
- what did Galen's conclusion imply about the body and the elements of the
physical world?
What are Example of Galen's conclusion? - ANSWER - Galen (129 - 216 AD)
- That the four humors were made up of four qualities: hot, cold, dry, and wet
- that they share a common qualitative nature
- the microcosm (little world of the human body) and macrocosm (greater world)
are related to each other
,- combo of hot and wet produces element of air and humor of blood
- blood predominated in spring, and person with natural excess of blood would
have sanguine physical and psychological humoral constitution, or
temperament
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
Beliefs about what caused illness and how to restore health
- If unhealthy, what was the key thing to be done?
- How was sickness seen?
What was the believe about remedy or cure? - ANSWER - the key is to restore
balance through changes in lifestyle (diet, exercise) and medications (herbs)
- illness was seen as internal disorder of body, not a result of specific agent like
a bacteria (seen as "quackery by the middle ages")
- it was believed that "opposites cure opposites" e.g. cold remedy cures hot
illness
Basis of modern medicine until the 17th century
- when and by what was the humoral vision of the body replaced? - ANSWER -
humoral vision of body lasted until late seventeenth century in Europe
- The 'new science' of Galileo, Descartes, Newton, and Boyle replaced
Aristotelian qualitative natural philosophy with mechanical, chemical, and
mathematical vision of the world and of the body
Status quo up to the 17th century
- "17th Century" means up to what date in history? - ANSWER - Dec 31, 1700
Status quo up to the 17th century. What happens in the following periods of
time?
- 1200 - 1500s
- 1600s
- 1658
- 1661
- 1665
- 1667
- 1674
- 1700 - 1800s?
- 1800s - 1900s? - ANSWER 1200 - 1500s
- notions of pulmonary circulation
1600s
- valves in veins
- blood circulates in the body, is pumped by the heart
1658
,- first description of RBCs (21 yr old microscopist)
1661
- the capillary system
1665
- 1st recorded blood transfusion dog:dog
1667
- 1st human blood transfusion lamb:boy
(most failed - blood groups had not been discovered yet)
1674
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek RBCs "25,000 times smaller than grain of sand"
(microscope, microbiology)
1700 - 1800s
- transfusions still fail (still don't know about blood groups)
1800s - 1900s
- properties of blood emerge (e.g. coagulation factors, platelets in clots)
- leads to successful human blood transplants
What happened in 1917? - ANSWER - optimize citrate-glucose solutions; prevent
coagulation, allow viable storage for transfusion
- bcs Red Cross organized civilian blood donor service during WWs leading to
new developments in storing and using blood
- "necessity is the mother of invention"
- replaced breakable glass with plastics for easy transport to Europe
- WW2 human:human direct transfusion
What happened in 1959? - ANSWER 1959
- x-ray crystallography reveals Hb structure; protein in RBCs that carries oxygen
What happened in 1965? - ANSWER 1965
- slowly thaw frozen plasma
- precipitates Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) with great clotting power
- powder 100x stronger than raw plasma
What happened in:
1971?
1981? - ANSWER 1971
- Hep B Ag discovered, and infected donors (liver disease)
1981
- first cases of AIDS (GRID)
, - Hemophiliacs developed AIDS - a blood borne component?
An X-chromosome inherited clotting disorder caused by lack of normal Factor
VIII is called: - ANSWER - hemophilia
Specific functions of the circulatory system are: - ANSWER 1. Transportation
2. Regulation
3. Protection
What are all the substances essential for cellular metabolism transported by
circulatory system? - ANSWER - respiratory (RBCs)
- nutritive (digestive)
- excretory (wastes)
Specific functions of the circulatory system
- regulation - ANSWER - hormonal
- temperature (regulated by where blood is concentrated)
The circulatory system protects from what? - ANSWER - injury (clotting)
- pathogens (immune)
Blood constituents - the cells
- components of a centrifuged sample - ANSWER - 55% blood plasma
- 45% formed elements (W + R cells, platelets)
- <1% white blood cells
Blood constituents - the cells
- What are the types of blood cells? - ANSWER Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Platelets (blood clotting)
Process through which red blood cells are produced? - ANSWER -
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
What stem cells go through series of stages in bone marrow?
Explain what happens once nucleus is expelled.
What play important role in hematopoiesis?
