health, examination and diagnosis
noncommunicable diseases are on the rise; heart disease and diabetes
country is important; age composition, environment
prescriptions;
- 1 in 6: antibiotic
- 1 in 7: antacids (maagzuurremmers)
0-17 y/o → eczema, impetigo and ear infection
18-44 y/o → contraceptives and hay fever
> 45 y/o → high blood pressure
anamnesis; patient history
- duration and severity of symptoms
- localisation and situation
- family history, smoking, occupation
- medication and past medical history
- ICE: ideas, concerns and expectations
physical examination
- differential diagnosis; some possible diagnosis/diseases are more likely than others
(similar signs/symptoms)
further investigation (hospital setting): laboratory, tissue biopsy, spirometry, ECG and
imaging techniques
- common blood/urine tests:
, imaging techniques
- radiography: X-ray and CT-scan
- electromagnetic ionic radiation
- absorb high energy beams → brightest signal; bones and prosthetics
- CT-scan to create more 3D view of body parts (tumors, blood clots, infections)
- PET-scan; nuclear medicine
- radioactive tracers (isotopes) bound to carrier
- intravenous, oral or inhalation
- 3D image through detection of photons
- MRI
- magnetic field to align protons; no radiation
- soft tissues
- high resolution images but costly and time-demanding
- ultrasound/echography
- high-frequency sound waves; no radiation
- hard (bright signal) and soft (greyer signal) tissues
- live image; capture movement (fetus, blood flow and heart)
noncommunicable diseases are on the rise; heart disease and diabetes
country is important; age composition, environment
prescriptions;
- 1 in 6: antibiotic
- 1 in 7: antacids (maagzuurremmers)
0-17 y/o → eczema, impetigo and ear infection
18-44 y/o → contraceptives and hay fever
> 45 y/o → high blood pressure
anamnesis; patient history
- duration and severity of symptoms
- localisation and situation
- family history, smoking, occupation
- medication and past medical history
- ICE: ideas, concerns and expectations
physical examination
- differential diagnosis; some possible diagnosis/diseases are more likely than others
(similar signs/symptoms)
further investigation (hospital setting): laboratory, tissue biopsy, spirometry, ECG and
imaging techniques
- common blood/urine tests:
, imaging techniques
- radiography: X-ray and CT-scan
- electromagnetic ionic radiation
- absorb high energy beams → brightest signal; bones and prosthetics
- CT-scan to create more 3D view of body parts (tumors, blood clots, infections)
- PET-scan; nuclear medicine
- radioactive tracers (isotopes) bound to carrier
- intravenous, oral or inhalation
- 3D image through detection of photons
- MRI
- magnetic field to align protons; no radiation
- soft tissues
- high resolution images but costly and time-demanding
- ultrasound/echography
- high-frequency sound waves; no radiation
- hard (bright signal) and soft (greyer signal) tissues
- live image; capture movement (fetus, blood flow and heart)
