NSG 223 exam 1 QUESTINS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS LATEST 2026-2027
GRADED A+
Cardiomyopathy - Diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER-● Diagnosis is usually made from findings
disclosed by the patient's history and by ruling out other
causes of heart failure such as myocardial infarction
● echocardiogram is one of the most helpful diagnostic tools
○ structure and function of the ventricles can be observed easily
● Cardiac MRI may be used, particularly to assist with the diagnosis of HCM
● ECG demonstrates dysrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, ventricular dysrhythmias) and changes
consistent
with left ventricular hypertrophy (left axis deviation, wide QRS, ST changes, inverted T waves)
○ ARVC/D, there often is a small deflection, an epsilon wave, at the end of the QRS
● chest x-ray reveals heart enlargement and possibly pulmonary congestion
● Cardiac catheterization is sometimes used to rule out coronary artery disease as a causative
factor
● Endomyocardial biopsy may be performed to analyze myocardial cells
, Cardiomyopathy - Pharmacological mgt - CORRECT ANSWER-directed at controlling symptoms
Mitral Valve Prolapse - CORRECT ANSWER-improper closure of the mitral valve
Most never have symptoms
fatigue
shortness of breath
lightheadedness
dizziness
syncope
palpitations
chest pain
anxiety
Mitral Regurgitation - CORRECT ANSWER-mitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows
regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole
Chronic is often asymptomatic
acute (resulting from a myocardial infarction) usually manifests as severe congestive heart
failure
Dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, Palpitations, shortness of breath on exertion, & cough from
pulmonary congestion
Mitral Stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER-calcified mitral valve impedes forward flow of blood into
left ventricle during diastole
first symptom of mitral stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER-first symptom is often dyspnea on exertion
(DOE) as a result of pulmonary venous hypertension, Symptoms usually develop after the valve
opening is reduced by one third to one half its usual size
AND VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS LATEST 2026-2027
GRADED A+
Cardiomyopathy - Diagnostics - CORRECT ANSWER-● Diagnosis is usually made from findings
disclosed by the patient's history and by ruling out other
causes of heart failure such as myocardial infarction
● echocardiogram is one of the most helpful diagnostic tools
○ structure and function of the ventricles can be observed easily
● Cardiac MRI may be used, particularly to assist with the diagnosis of HCM
● ECG demonstrates dysrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, ventricular dysrhythmias) and changes
consistent
with left ventricular hypertrophy (left axis deviation, wide QRS, ST changes, inverted T waves)
○ ARVC/D, there often is a small deflection, an epsilon wave, at the end of the QRS
● chest x-ray reveals heart enlargement and possibly pulmonary congestion
● Cardiac catheterization is sometimes used to rule out coronary artery disease as a causative
factor
● Endomyocardial biopsy may be performed to analyze myocardial cells
, Cardiomyopathy - Pharmacological mgt - CORRECT ANSWER-directed at controlling symptoms
Mitral Valve Prolapse - CORRECT ANSWER-improper closure of the mitral valve
Most never have symptoms
fatigue
shortness of breath
lightheadedness
dizziness
syncope
palpitations
chest pain
anxiety
Mitral Regurgitation - CORRECT ANSWER-mitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows
regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole
Chronic is often asymptomatic
acute (resulting from a myocardial infarction) usually manifests as severe congestive heart
failure
Dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, Palpitations, shortness of breath on exertion, & cough from
pulmonary congestion
Mitral Stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER-calcified mitral valve impedes forward flow of blood into
left ventricle during diastole
first symptom of mitral stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER-first symptom is often dyspnea on exertion
(DOE) as a result of pulmonary venous hypertension, Symptoms usually develop after the valve
opening is reduced by one third to one half its usual size
