Fresenius PCT Exam Questions Bank | Fully
Solved Exam Questions and Comprehensive
Answers with Clear Explanations (Already
Passed A+) 2026/2027
• What do healthy kidneys remove? -✓✓Waste products - creatine, urea and urimic
acid, ammonia
• What do healthy kidneys regulate? -✓✓Fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes
and acid-base balance, synthesize calcitrol (active vitamin D)
• Is Uremia a disease? -✓✓No, uremia is a set of symptoms associated with the
build up of urea in the blood.
• What can cause anemia? -✓✓RBC loss
Erythropoietin production
Shortened RBC lifespan
Decreased iron absorption
Blood loss during dialysis
• Why is water used for dialysis treated? -✓✓Because patients are exposed to large
amounts of water during each dialysis treatment.
• What is chloramines? -✓✓A combination of bleach and ammonia, whereas
chlorine is bleach alone.
• What happens when the dialysate flow is turned off during treatment? -✓✓The
patients blood is not cleaned and adequacy will decrease.
• What is counter-current flow? -✓✓Blood and dialysate flow in opposite
directions.
• What are the three types of solutions? -✓✓hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic
• What is a hypotonic solution? -✓✓Containing less particles
, • What is a isotonic solution? -✓✓Containing equal particles
• What is a hypertonic solution? -✓✓Containing more particles
• What is conductivity? -✓✓The ability of a solution to transmit or "conduct" an
electrical current.
• What is dialysate composer of? -✓✓Purified water (treated) acid solution and
bicarbonate solution.
• Why is dextrose added to dialysate? -✓✓To prevent hypoglycemia
• What electrolytes are found in the dialysate? -✓✓Sodium (NA+), potassium
(K+), calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), and chloride (Cl-)
• Name four ways dialysate is checked to ensure that it is safe? -✓✓pH
Conductivity
Machine temperature
A negative residual chlorine after routine machine disinfection
• Two types of machine alarms? -✓✓Blood related
Dialysate related
• What is a blood leak? -✓✓Fibers have broken inside the dialyzer. Blood has
crossed from the blood compartment into the dialysate.
• What is "air detected"? -✓✓Air or foam has been detected by machine and
machine automatically clamps off the line.
• What can cause a "Venous pressure" alarm? -✓✓Anything that blocks the return
of the blood to the access will increase in VP
• What could cause the venous pressure to go up? -✓✓Any clotting from the
venous chamber to the patients access.
• What is can happen if AP (Arterial Pressure) is too high? -✓✓Too much pressure
can cause HEMOLYSIS (releasing K+ to the blood stream) additionally, air can
enter the system and potentially cause an air embolism or dialyzer clotting.
Solved Exam Questions and Comprehensive
Answers with Clear Explanations (Already
Passed A+) 2026/2027
• What do healthy kidneys remove? -✓✓Waste products - creatine, urea and urimic
acid, ammonia
• What do healthy kidneys regulate? -✓✓Fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes
and acid-base balance, synthesize calcitrol (active vitamin D)
• Is Uremia a disease? -✓✓No, uremia is a set of symptoms associated with the
build up of urea in the blood.
• What can cause anemia? -✓✓RBC loss
Erythropoietin production
Shortened RBC lifespan
Decreased iron absorption
Blood loss during dialysis
• Why is water used for dialysis treated? -✓✓Because patients are exposed to large
amounts of water during each dialysis treatment.
• What is chloramines? -✓✓A combination of bleach and ammonia, whereas
chlorine is bleach alone.
• What happens when the dialysate flow is turned off during treatment? -✓✓The
patients blood is not cleaned and adequacy will decrease.
• What is counter-current flow? -✓✓Blood and dialysate flow in opposite
directions.
• What are the three types of solutions? -✓✓hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic
• What is a hypotonic solution? -✓✓Containing less particles
, • What is a isotonic solution? -✓✓Containing equal particles
• What is a hypertonic solution? -✓✓Containing more particles
• What is conductivity? -✓✓The ability of a solution to transmit or "conduct" an
electrical current.
• What is dialysate composer of? -✓✓Purified water (treated) acid solution and
bicarbonate solution.
• Why is dextrose added to dialysate? -✓✓To prevent hypoglycemia
• What electrolytes are found in the dialysate? -✓✓Sodium (NA+), potassium
(K+), calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), and chloride (Cl-)
• Name four ways dialysate is checked to ensure that it is safe? -✓✓pH
Conductivity
Machine temperature
A negative residual chlorine after routine machine disinfection
• Two types of machine alarms? -✓✓Blood related
Dialysate related
• What is a blood leak? -✓✓Fibers have broken inside the dialyzer. Blood has
crossed from the blood compartment into the dialysate.
• What is "air detected"? -✓✓Air or foam has been detected by machine and
machine automatically clamps off the line.
• What can cause a "Venous pressure" alarm? -✓✓Anything that blocks the return
of the blood to the access will increase in VP
• What could cause the venous pressure to go up? -✓✓Any clotting from the
venous chamber to the patients access.
• What is can happen if AP (Arterial Pressure) is too high? -✓✓Too much pressure
can cause HEMOLYSIS (releasing K+ to the blood stream) additionally, air can
enter the system and potentially cause an air embolism or dialyzer clotting.
