AUPSY 220 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - 100% VERIFIED -
LATEST 2026 - GUARANTEED PASS
Fundamental attribution error - ANSWER an individual's tendency to attribute
another's actions to their character or personality, while attributing their own
behaviour to external situational factors outside of their control
consistent patterns of behaviour - ANSWER individual behaviour is consistent
across time and situations
intrapersonal processes - ANSWER emotional, motivational, and cognitive
processes that influence an individual's feelings and actions `
psychoanalytic approach - ANSWER unconscious mind is responsible for
important differences in behaviour styles
trait - ANSWER a dimension of personality used to categorize people
according to the degree to which they manifest particular characteristic
Trait approach - ANSWER an individual lies along a continuum of various
personality characteristics. interested primarily in describing and understanding
the structure of personality
biological approach - ANSWER inherited predispositions and physiological
processes contribute to differences in personality
humanistic approach - ANSWER personal responsibility and feelings of self-
acceptance cause differences in personality
behavioural/social learning approach - ANSWER consistent behaviour
patterns are the result of conditioning and expectations
cognitive approach - ANSWER people process information to explain
differences in behaviour
aggression - ANSWER occurs when people are blocked from reaching their
goals
,collectivist culture - ANSWER culture that emphasizes the importance of
belonging to a larger group, such as a family, tribe or nation
personality - ANSWER consistent behaviour patterns and intrapersonal
processes originating within an individual
theory - ANSWER general statement about the relationship between constructs
or events
Parsimonious - ANSWER explains the phenomenon in simple terms
useful - ANSWER generates testable hypotheses
hypothesis - ANSWER formal prediction about the relationship between two
or more variables that is logically derived from the theory
independent variable - ANSWER how the groups in the experiment are
divided
dependent variable - ANSWER measured by the investigator and used to
compare the experimental groups
reliability - ANSWER extent to which a test measures consistently
internal consistency - ANSWER all items in the test measure the same thing
validity - ANSWER extent to which a test measures what it's designed to
measure
face validity - ANSWER way to decide whether a test measures what it says it
measures is to look at the test items
congruent validity - ANSWER extent to which scores from the test correlate
with other measures of the same construct
discriminant validity - ANSWER extent to which a test score doesn't correlate
with the scores of theoretically unrelated measures
behavioural validation - ANSWER the test scores predict relevant behaviours
,what is an interaction between two independent variables? - ANSWER this
describes how one independent variable affects the dependent variable that is
dependent on the other independent variable
what is a manipulated independent variable? - ANSWER for a psych
experiment, it will begin with a large number of participants that are randomly
assigned to experimental groups (the differences will average out)
what is a non manipulated independent variable? - ANSWER for an
experiment, the participants are not randomly assigned as the groups exist
without the researcher's interventions and is difficult to form cause-and-effect
relationships
Prediction vs. Hindsight - ANSWER researchers are expected to make
predictions about what will happen in a study. If researchers don't make a
hypothesis before their test is carried out then it can not be supported and will
be used as hindsight to create future hypotheses
replication - ANSWER replication of the study helps to determine if the effects
apply to a larger number of people or if it is limited to the kind of individuals
used in the test
what is the file drawer problem? - ANSWER investigators will only publish
results that are significant. Failed attempts at replication make the researcher
think that something has gone wrong and will tuck the insignificant results into
a file drawer.
what is the case study method? - ANSWER in-depth evaluation of individuals
who suffer from psychotherapy problem. The research will record the person's
history, current behaviour, and changes in behaviour.
what are the three types of statistical analysis of data? - ANSWER 1. ANOVA
2. chi-square test
3. correlation coefficient
what is a statistical significance? - ANSWER it is the difference between two
averages that is large enough to consider that it wasn't caused by chance (shown
through effect size indicators)
what is a correlation coefficient? - ANSWER helps to understand the
relationship between two measures and is reduced to a single number between 1
and -1
, describe what the internal consistency coefficients are. - ANSWER high
coefficient = items measure the same concept
low coefficient = suggests items are measuring more than one concept
conscious - ANSWER contains the thoughts you are currently aware of
defense mechanism - ANSWER devices the ego uses to keep threatening
material out of awareness and thereby reduce or avoid anxiety
ego - ANSWER the part of the personality that considers external reality while
mediating between the demands of the id and the superego
free association - ANSWER a procedure used in psychoanalysis in which
patients say whatever comes into their minds
id - ANSWER the part of the personality concerned with immediate
gratification of needs
preconscious - ANSWER the part of personality that contains thoughts that
can be brought into awareness with little difficulty (retrievable information)
projective test - ANSWER tests designed to assess unconscious material by
asking test takers to respond to ambiguous stimuli
psychoanalysis - ANSWER the system of psychotherapy developed by Freud
that focuses on uncovering the unconscious material responsible for a patient's
disorder
psychosexual stages of development - ANSWER the innate sequence of
development made up of stages characterized by primary erogenous zones and
sexual desires
structural model - ANSWER frued's model of personality that divides
personality into the id, ego and superego
superego - ANSWER the part of the personality that represents society's values
topographic model - ANSWER divided the personality into the conscious,
preconscious and unconscious
unconscious - ANSWER the part of the personality that contains material that
can't easily be brought into awareness
LATEST 2026 - GUARANTEED PASS
Fundamental attribution error - ANSWER an individual's tendency to attribute
another's actions to their character or personality, while attributing their own
behaviour to external situational factors outside of their control
consistent patterns of behaviour - ANSWER individual behaviour is consistent
across time and situations
intrapersonal processes - ANSWER emotional, motivational, and cognitive
processes that influence an individual's feelings and actions `
psychoanalytic approach - ANSWER unconscious mind is responsible for
important differences in behaviour styles
trait - ANSWER a dimension of personality used to categorize people
according to the degree to which they manifest particular characteristic
Trait approach - ANSWER an individual lies along a continuum of various
personality characteristics. interested primarily in describing and understanding
the structure of personality
biological approach - ANSWER inherited predispositions and physiological
processes contribute to differences in personality
humanistic approach - ANSWER personal responsibility and feelings of self-
acceptance cause differences in personality
behavioural/social learning approach - ANSWER consistent behaviour
patterns are the result of conditioning and expectations
cognitive approach - ANSWER people process information to explain
differences in behaviour
aggression - ANSWER occurs when people are blocked from reaching their
goals
,collectivist culture - ANSWER culture that emphasizes the importance of
belonging to a larger group, such as a family, tribe or nation
personality - ANSWER consistent behaviour patterns and intrapersonal
processes originating within an individual
theory - ANSWER general statement about the relationship between constructs
or events
Parsimonious - ANSWER explains the phenomenon in simple terms
useful - ANSWER generates testable hypotheses
hypothesis - ANSWER formal prediction about the relationship between two
or more variables that is logically derived from the theory
independent variable - ANSWER how the groups in the experiment are
divided
dependent variable - ANSWER measured by the investigator and used to
compare the experimental groups
reliability - ANSWER extent to which a test measures consistently
internal consistency - ANSWER all items in the test measure the same thing
validity - ANSWER extent to which a test measures what it's designed to
measure
face validity - ANSWER way to decide whether a test measures what it says it
measures is to look at the test items
congruent validity - ANSWER extent to which scores from the test correlate
with other measures of the same construct
discriminant validity - ANSWER extent to which a test score doesn't correlate
with the scores of theoretically unrelated measures
behavioural validation - ANSWER the test scores predict relevant behaviours
,what is an interaction between two independent variables? - ANSWER this
describes how one independent variable affects the dependent variable that is
dependent on the other independent variable
what is a manipulated independent variable? - ANSWER for a psych
experiment, it will begin with a large number of participants that are randomly
assigned to experimental groups (the differences will average out)
what is a non manipulated independent variable? - ANSWER for an
experiment, the participants are not randomly assigned as the groups exist
without the researcher's interventions and is difficult to form cause-and-effect
relationships
Prediction vs. Hindsight - ANSWER researchers are expected to make
predictions about what will happen in a study. If researchers don't make a
hypothesis before their test is carried out then it can not be supported and will
be used as hindsight to create future hypotheses
replication - ANSWER replication of the study helps to determine if the effects
apply to a larger number of people or if it is limited to the kind of individuals
used in the test
what is the file drawer problem? - ANSWER investigators will only publish
results that are significant. Failed attempts at replication make the researcher
think that something has gone wrong and will tuck the insignificant results into
a file drawer.
what is the case study method? - ANSWER in-depth evaluation of individuals
who suffer from psychotherapy problem. The research will record the person's
history, current behaviour, and changes in behaviour.
what are the three types of statistical analysis of data? - ANSWER 1. ANOVA
2. chi-square test
3. correlation coefficient
what is a statistical significance? - ANSWER it is the difference between two
averages that is large enough to consider that it wasn't caused by chance (shown
through effect size indicators)
what is a correlation coefficient? - ANSWER helps to understand the
relationship between two measures and is reduced to a single number between 1
and -1
, describe what the internal consistency coefficients are. - ANSWER high
coefficient = items measure the same concept
low coefficient = suggests items are measuring more than one concept
conscious - ANSWER contains the thoughts you are currently aware of
defense mechanism - ANSWER devices the ego uses to keep threatening
material out of awareness and thereby reduce or avoid anxiety
ego - ANSWER the part of the personality that considers external reality while
mediating between the demands of the id and the superego
free association - ANSWER a procedure used in psychoanalysis in which
patients say whatever comes into their minds
id - ANSWER the part of the personality concerned with immediate
gratification of needs
preconscious - ANSWER the part of personality that contains thoughts that
can be brought into awareness with little difficulty (retrievable information)
projective test - ANSWER tests designed to assess unconscious material by
asking test takers to respond to ambiguous stimuli
psychoanalysis - ANSWER the system of psychotherapy developed by Freud
that focuses on uncovering the unconscious material responsible for a patient's
disorder
psychosexual stages of development - ANSWER the innate sequence of
development made up of stages characterized by primary erogenous zones and
sexual desires
structural model - ANSWER frued's model of personality that divides
personality into the id, ego and superego
superego - ANSWER the part of the personality that represents society's values
topographic model - ANSWER divided the personality into the conscious,
preconscious and unconscious
unconscious - ANSWER the part of the personality that contains material that
can't easily be brought into awareness
