PNB 2265 Practical Exams 2025/ 2026
Questions and Answers with verified
solutions 100% correct
Sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWES -- mutation on the beta chain which results in
misfolding of the hemoglobin protein. this causes sickle cell shape due to lack of oxygen
Polycythemia - CORRECT ANSWES -- Increase in proportion of RBC in hematocrit
• A hematocrit may be as high as 80% (the normal range is around 45%)
Infectious mononucleosis - CORRECT ANSWES -- - caused by the infection of B-
lymphocytes by the Epstein-barr virus
-lymphocytes take on a reactive phenotype-->they are larger with a distinct nucleus
-have cytoplasmic extensions, or skirting of cytoplasm around RBC's
Leukemia - CORRECT ANSWES -- A type off cancer that involves an overproduction of
leukocytes which are immature and or abnormal in production and lack normal function
Hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWES -- The oxygen‐carrying pigment and main
component of red blood cells
Hematocrit - CORRECT ANSWES -- The packed red cell volume (PRCV) or hematocrit
is a test used to determine what portion of a blood sample is composed of red blood
cells (RBC)
(Packed RBC)/ Total Volume x 100= PRCV
Normal hematocrit levels - CORRECT ANSWES -- 47% men
42% women
hematocrit/hemoglobin for dehydration - CORRECT ANSWES -- -number of RBC's
arent affected, but there is a decrease in total blood fluid volume
-so increased hematocrit because RBC's are a larger % of the total volume
Increased hemoglobin as well
anemia hematocrit/hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWES -- -decreased hematocrit,
decreased hemoglobin
Hematocrit/hemoglobin for polycythemia - CORRECT ANSWES -- Increased hematocrit
, Increased hemoglobin
Hematocrit/hemoglobin high altitude - CORRECT ANSWES -- Increased hematocrit
increased hemoglobin
Hematocrit/hemoglobin for leukemia - CORRECT ANSWES -- Decreased hematocrit
Decreased hemoglobin
Hematocrit/hemoglobin for recent hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWES -- Same
hematocrit
Same hemoglobin
Major components of ECG - CORRECT ANSWES -- P wave- atria depolarization
QRS complex- atria repolarization, ventricular depolarization
T wave- ventricular repolarization
Heart sounds - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1st (lub)- closure of AV valve during ventricular
systole, occurs when ventricular pressure exxceeds atrial pressure
2nd (dub)- closure of SL valve during ventricular diastole, when the pressure in the
aorta exceeds left ventricular pressure
Equation for heart rate - CORRECT ANSWES -- HR= 60/t
HR= heart rate
t= time interval (seconds)
Diastolic pressure - CORRECT ANSWES -- Between contractions, when the heart is
relaxing and filling with blood, the pressure is at its lowest
Systolic pressure - CORRECT ANSWES -- The greatest force (highest pressure)
occurs during contraction
Normal resting HR: 60-90 bpm. A trained athlete could have a resting HR of 45-60. Why
might a very fit person have a slower HR than someone of average fitness? -
CORRECT ANSWES -- They have a larger stroke volume which means they will have a
lower heart rate
Explain why ventricular contraction and the lub sound occur immediately after the QRS
complex - CORRECT ANSWES -- Sound is a mechanical event which always follows
an electrical event such as ventricular contraction. The lub sound occurs immediately
after the QRS complex because it is caused by the closing of the AV valve leading to
systole (QRS complex occurs during ventricular systole)
Explain why ventricular relaxation (diastole) and the dup sound occur after the T wave -
CORRECT ANSWES -- The dup sound is due to the closure of SL valves during
ventricular diastole. The T wav represents repolarization of the ventricles which leads to
ventricular diastole
Questions and Answers with verified
solutions 100% correct
Sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWES -- mutation on the beta chain which results in
misfolding of the hemoglobin protein. this causes sickle cell shape due to lack of oxygen
Polycythemia - CORRECT ANSWES -- Increase in proportion of RBC in hematocrit
• A hematocrit may be as high as 80% (the normal range is around 45%)
Infectious mononucleosis - CORRECT ANSWES -- - caused by the infection of B-
lymphocytes by the Epstein-barr virus
-lymphocytes take on a reactive phenotype-->they are larger with a distinct nucleus
-have cytoplasmic extensions, or skirting of cytoplasm around RBC's
Leukemia - CORRECT ANSWES -- A type off cancer that involves an overproduction of
leukocytes which are immature and or abnormal in production and lack normal function
Hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWES -- The oxygen‐carrying pigment and main
component of red blood cells
Hematocrit - CORRECT ANSWES -- The packed red cell volume (PRCV) or hematocrit
is a test used to determine what portion of a blood sample is composed of red blood
cells (RBC)
(Packed RBC)/ Total Volume x 100= PRCV
Normal hematocrit levels - CORRECT ANSWES -- 47% men
42% women
hematocrit/hemoglobin for dehydration - CORRECT ANSWES -- -number of RBC's
arent affected, but there is a decrease in total blood fluid volume
-so increased hematocrit because RBC's are a larger % of the total volume
Increased hemoglobin as well
anemia hematocrit/hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWES -- -decreased hematocrit,
decreased hemoglobin
Hematocrit/hemoglobin for polycythemia - CORRECT ANSWES -- Increased hematocrit
, Increased hemoglobin
Hematocrit/hemoglobin high altitude - CORRECT ANSWES -- Increased hematocrit
increased hemoglobin
Hematocrit/hemoglobin for leukemia - CORRECT ANSWES -- Decreased hematocrit
Decreased hemoglobin
Hematocrit/hemoglobin for recent hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWES -- Same
hematocrit
Same hemoglobin
Major components of ECG - CORRECT ANSWES -- P wave- atria depolarization
QRS complex- atria repolarization, ventricular depolarization
T wave- ventricular repolarization
Heart sounds - CORRECT ANSWES -- 1st (lub)- closure of AV valve during ventricular
systole, occurs when ventricular pressure exxceeds atrial pressure
2nd (dub)- closure of SL valve during ventricular diastole, when the pressure in the
aorta exceeds left ventricular pressure
Equation for heart rate - CORRECT ANSWES -- HR= 60/t
HR= heart rate
t= time interval (seconds)
Diastolic pressure - CORRECT ANSWES -- Between contractions, when the heart is
relaxing and filling with blood, the pressure is at its lowest
Systolic pressure - CORRECT ANSWES -- The greatest force (highest pressure)
occurs during contraction
Normal resting HR: 60-90 bpm. A trained athlete could have a resting HR of 45-60. Why
might a very fit person have a slower HR than someone of average fitness? -
CORRECT ANSWES -- They have a larger stroke volume which means they will have a
lower heart rate
Explain why ventricular contraction and the lub sound occur immediately after the QRS
complex - CORRECT ANSWES -- Sound is a mechanical event which always follows
an electrical event such as ventricular contraction. The lub sound occurs immediately
after the QRS complex because it is caused by the closing of the AV valve leading to
systole (QRS complex occurs during ventricular systole)
Explain why ventricular relaxation (diastole) and the dup sound occur after the T wave -
CORRECT ANSWES -- The dup sound is due to the closure of SL valves during
ventricular diastole. The T wav represents repolarization of the ventricles which leads to
ventricular diastole
