INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY GUIDE 2026
STUDY SHEET COMPREHENSIVE BIOLOGY
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ Aerobic- Answer: A process that requires oxygen.
◉ Allele -An alternative form of a gene. An example would be genes
that encode eye color—some encode blue eyes (one allele), while
others encode brown, green, or hazel eye colors (other alleles).
Answer:
◉ amino acids - Answer: A small organic molecule with the
structure of an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and an "R"
group, which are all bonded to a single central carbon atom. The
difference between the "R" group is what distinguishes one amino
acid from another. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
◉ Anaerobic- Answer: A process that occurs without oxygen.
◉ Anaphase- Answer: A stage within the mitosis phase of cell
division (also known as cell reproduction). Anaphase starts when
sister chromatids separate from each other and ends when each set
of separated, sister chromatids arrives at the opposite poles of the
cell.
,◉ anaphase I- Answer: The third stage of Meiosis I—the two
homologous chromosomes separate and migrate toward opposite
poles.
◉ anaphase II- Answer: The third stage in Meiosis II—the
centromeres separate and the sister chromatids (now individual
chromosomes) move toward the opposite poles of the cell.
◉ artificial selection- Answer: Deliberate mating between two
individuals who were selected based on desired traits.
◉ asexual reproduction - Answer: A type of reproduction where
genetically identical offspring are created from a single parent. This
type of reproduction does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria
◉ and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this
manner. Answer:
◉ Atom- Answer: The basic unit of matter that cannot be further
broken down without losing its unique properties. One atom
consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
◉ Autosomal- Answer: Describes a trait associated with alleles
located on autosomes (non sex chromosomes).
,◉ autosomal chromosome- Answer: A chromosome not involved in
sex determination.
◉ biogeochemical cycle- Answer: The processes that transfer
chemical elements between biotic and abiotic components in an
ecosystem. There are several main cycles: the water cycle, the
carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.
◉ Biome- Answer: A large naturally occurring community of plants
and animals occupying a major habitat. Examples include tropical
forest and arctic tundra.
◉ Biomes- Answer: A pattern of distribution of ecosystems across
the globe, where similar environmental conditions lead to similar
animal and plant adaptations. Examples of biomes include tropical
rainforests, deserts, and tundra.
◉ biosphere- Answer: All areas on, within, and around the planet
Earth that are capable of supporting life.
◉ Calvin cycle (Calvin-Ben Answer: son cycle or light-independent
reaction)- The set of chemical reactions that take place in
chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent
, because it takes place after the energy has been captured from
sunlight. Also called Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-Calvin Cycle.
◉ Carbohydrates- Answer: The extracellular surface of the cell
membrane is decorated with carbohydrate groups attached to lipids
and proteins. These short carbohydrates play a role in giving a cell
its identity (i.e., distinguishing self from non-self) and are the
distinguishing factor in human blood types.
◉ carbon cycle- Answer: The biogeochemical cycle through which
carbon flows between the atmosphere, water, land, and ecosystems.
◉ cell cycle- Answer: A series of phases in the life of the cell through
which it grows and divides.
◉ cell wall- Answer: Protective and reinforcing structure found in
certain cells, situated outside the plasma membrane. Bacterial cell
walls are mainly built of peptidoglycan, although they may also
contain lipidic molecules. Among eukaryotes, plants and fungi
possess cell walls, made of cellulose and chitin, respectively.
◉ cellular respiration- Answer: Use of oxygen to release energy from
nutrients; also called aerobic respiration.
STUDY SHEET COMPREHENSIVE BIOLOGY
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ Aerobic- Answer: A process that requires oxygen.
◉ Allele -An alternative form of a gene. An example would be genes
that encode eye color—some encode blue eyes (one allele), while
others encode brown, green, or hazel eye colors (other alleles).
Answer:
◉ amino acids - Answer: A small organic molecule with the
structure of an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and an "R"
group, which are all bonded to a single central carbon atom. The
difference between the "R" group is what distinguishes one amino
acid from another. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
◉ Anaerobic- Answer: A process that occurs without oxygen.
◉ Anaphase- Answer: A stage within the mitosis phase of cell
division (also known as cell reproduction). Anaphase starts when
sister chromatids separate from each other and ends when each set
of separated, sister chromatids arrives at the opposite poles of the
cell.
,◉ anaphase I- Answer: The third stage of Meiosis I—the two
homologous chromosomes separate and migrate toward opposite
poles.
◉ anaphase II- Answer: The third stage in Meiosis II—the
centromeres separate and the sister chromatids (now individual
chromosomes) move toward the opposite poles of the cell.
◉ artificial selection- Answer: Deliberate mating between two
individuals who were selected based on desired traits.
◉ asexual reproduction - Answer: A type of reproduction where
genetically identical offspring are created from a single parent. This
type of reproduction does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria
◉ and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this
manner. Answer:
◉ Atom- Answer: The basic unit of matter that cannot be further
broken down without losing its unique properties. One atom
consists of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
◉ Autosomal- Answer: Describes a trait associated with alleles
located on autosomes (non sex chromosomes).
,◉ autosomal chromosome- Answer: A chromosome not involved in
sex determination.
◉ biogeochemical cycle- Answer: The processes that transfer
chemical elements between biotic and abiotic components in an
ecosystem. There are several main cycles: the water cycle, the
carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus cycle.
◉ Biome- Answer: A large naturally occurring community of plants
and animals occupying a major habitat. Examples include tropical
forest and arctic tundra.
◉ Biomes- Answer: A pattern of distribution of ecosystems across
the globe, where similar environmental conditions lead to similar
animal and plant adaptations. Examples of biomes include tropical
rainforests, deserts, and tundra.
◉ biosphere- Answer: All areas on, within, and around the planet
Earth that are capable of supporting life.
◉ Calvin cycle (Calvin-Ben Answer: son cycle or light-independent
reaction)- The set of chemical reactions that take place in
chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent
, because it takes place after the energy has been captured from
sunlight. Also called Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-Calvin Cycle.
◉ Carbohydrates- Answer: The extracellular surface of the cell
membrane is decorated with carbohydrate groups attached to lipids
and proteins. These short carbohydrates play a role in giving a cell
its identity (i.e., distinguishing self from non-self) and are the
distinguishing factor in human blood types.
◉ carbon cycle- Answer: The biogeochemical cycle through which
carbon flows between the atmosphere, water, land, and ecosystems.
◉ cell cycle- Answer: A series of phases in the life of the cell through
which it grows and divides.
◉ cell wall- Answer: Protective and reinforcing structure found in
certain cells, situated outside the plasma membrane. Bacterial cell
walls are mainly built of peptidoglycan, although they may also
contain lipidic molecules. Among eukaryotes, plants and fungi
possess cell walls, made of cellulose and chitin, respectively.
◉ cellular respiration- Answer: Use of oxygen to release energy from
nutrients; also called aerobic respiration.
