NR 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE GASTROINTESTINAL AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL PATHOLOGIES QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS,100%CORRECT

NR 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE GASTROINTESTINAL AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL PATHOLOGIES QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS Gastrointestinal pathologies: • Pathophysiology of GERD Stomach acid or bile flows into the esophagus, leading to esophagitis Caused by abnormalities in the lower esophageal sphincter function, esophageal motility or gastric emptying o Lower esophageal sphincter function: one way valve that keeps contents from coming up into the esophagus, but decreased tone allows regurgitation of stomach contents o Esophageal motility: disrupt the coordinated contractions that propel food down to the stomach. Can cause delayed gastric emptying o Delayed gastric emptying: contributes to esophagitis by extending the period during which reflux can occur and increasing the acid content of chyme • Signs and symptoms of GERD o Typical: heartburn (pyrosis), regurgitation o Atypical: chronic cough, asthma exacerbations, laryngitis, sinusitis, hoarseness o Associated symptoms: upper abdominal pain, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), belching, flatulence, sleep disturbances, worsening of symptoms when lying supine • Pharmacologic management of GERD o PPI: omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole • Risk factors for esophageal stricture o GERD, esophagitis, ingestion of causative agents, radiation • Hiatal hernia treatment o Lifestyle modifications, conservative treatment (eating small frequent meals), medications (antacids, H2 receptor blockers, PPIs, prokinetic agents), surgery (hernia repair)