IVYTECH APHY 102 ACTUAL EXAM PAPER
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ What are two types of lymphocytes?.
Answer: T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells)
◍ How does blood flow through the heart?.
Answer: It's a continuous path through the chambers and valves; can be
traced from any starting point.
◍ What is the cellular (cell-mediated) immune response?.
Answer: T cells directly attack infected or abnormal cells.
◍ Left ventricle.
Answer: Name this chamber.
◍ What is the function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?.
Answer: Promotes water reabsorption in DCT and collecting ducts to
conserve water.
◍ What causes hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves' disease)? What are the
symptoms?.
Answer: Cause: Autoimmune overstimulation of thyroid (TSH
receptor)Symptoms: Weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety, goiter, bulging
eyes
◍ What is a functional syncytium?.
Answer: A network of cardiac cells acting together as a single unit during
contraction.
◍ Define leukocytosis and leukopenia..
Answer: Leukocytosis: High WBC countLeukopenia: Low WBC count
,◍ How is milk produced and secreted?.
Answer: Alveolar glands produce milk (prolactin); milk is ejected via ducts
by oxytocin-triggered contractions.
◍ Where are the parathyroid glands located?.
Answer: On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland (usually 4 total).
◍ Is blood clotting a negative or positive feedback mechanism?.
Answer: Positive feedback.
◍ How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins?.
Answer: Thin walls, valves, and low-pressure flow aided by muscle
contractions.
◍ Naturally acquired active:.
Answer: infection exposure
◍ Which gland secretes Epinephrine?.
Answer: Adrenal medulla.
◍ What are the functions of Prolactin?.
Answer: Stimulates milk production in mammary glands.
◍ Function of pancreatic acinar cells?.
Answer: Produce and secrete digestive enzymes.
◍ Functions of the respiratory system?.
Answer: Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out), vocalization, olfaction, pH
regulation.
◍ What are the functions of the atria.
Answer: Atria receive blood; Right atrium gets blood from body, right
ventricle to lungs
◍ What is blood plasma?.
Answer: The fluid component of blood.
◍ What arteries supply blood to the heart muscle?.
Answer: The coronary arteries.
,◍ What are the functions of Thymosins?.
Answer: Promote T cell maturation and immune function.
◍ Define blastomeres, morula, blastocyst, inner cell mass, and trophoblast..
Answer: Blastomeres: cells from cleavageMorula: solid ball of
cellsBlastocyst: hollow ball of cellsInner cell mass: forms
embryoTrophoblast: forms placenta
◍ What are the characteristics and actions of testosterone?.
Answer: Develops male reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics,
increases muscle/bone growth, stimulates spermatogenesis.
◍ Where is the spleen located?.
Answer: Upper left abdominal quadrant, beneath the diaphragm.
◍ How is PTH regulated?.
Answer: Stimulated by low blood calcium levels.
◍ What is the composition of normal urine?.
Answer: Mostly water, with urea, uric acid, creatinine, electrolytes, and
some hormones.
◍ What is an electrolyte and which are found in plasma?.
Answer: Ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate that
help maintain fluid balance and pH.
◍ What are prostaglandins and their function?.
Answer: Locally acting lipids that regulate inflammation, smooth muscle
activity, and pain.
◍ What are the functions of LH?.
Answer: Triggers ovulation and progesterone production in females;
stimulates testosterone in males.
◍ Define breathing/ventilation..
Answer: Movement of air into and out of lungs.
◍ Which WBC is most/least abundant?.
, Answer: Most: NeutrophilsLeast: Basophils
◍ Functions of somatostatin, gastrin, and CCK?.
Answer: Somatostatin: inhibits gastric secretionGastrin: stimulates gastric
juice releaseCholecystokinin (CCK): stimulates pancreas and gallbladder
secretions
◍ How is ADH regulated?.
Answer: Stimulated by high blood osmolarity or low blood volume.
◍ What is a "formed element" and what are the three types?.
Answer: Formed elements are the cellular components of blood:Red blood
cells (erythrocytes)White blood cells (leukocytes)Platelets (thrombocytes)
◍ Functions of the sinuses?.
Answer: Lighten skull, produce mucus, resonate voice.
◍ What is the function of erythropoietin?.
Answer: Stimulates red blood cell production.
◍ What nutrients are needed for erythropoiesis?.
Answer: Iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and protein.
◍ Define respiration, external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular
respiration..
Answer: Respiration: overall gas exchange processExternal respiration: gas
exchange between lungs & bloodInternal respiration: gas exchange between
blood & tissuesCellular respiration: cells using O₂ to produce energy
◍ Where does the thoracic duct empty?.
Answer: Into the left subclavian vein.
◍ Which gland secretes Prolactin?.
Answer: Anterior pituitary.
◍ Define lingual frenulum, papillae, and lingual tonsils..
Answer: Lingual frenulum: tissue under tongue attaching it to floor of
mouthPapillae: small bumps on tongue, contain taste budsLingual tonsils:
lymphoid tissue at tongue base
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ What are two types of lymphocytes?.
Answer: T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells)
◍ How does blood flow through the heart?.
Answer: It's a continuous path through the chambers and valves; can be
traced from any starting point.
◍ What is the cellular (cell-mediated) immune response?.
Answer: T cells directly attack infected or abnormal cells.
◍ Left ventricle.
Answer: Name this chamber.
◍ What is the function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?.
Answer: Promotes water reabsorption in DCT and collecting ducts to
conserve water.
◍ What causes hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves' disease)? What are the
symptoms?.
Answer: Cause: Autoimmune overstimulation of thyroid (TSH
receptor)Symptoms: Weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety, goiter, bulging
eyes
◍ What is a functional syncytium?.
Answer: A network of cardiac cells acting together as a single unit during
contraction.
◍ Define leukocytosis and leukopenia..
Answer: Leukocytosis: High WBC countLeukopenia: Low WBC count
,◍ How is milk produced and secreted?.
Answer: Alveolar glands produce milk (prolactin); milk is ejected via ducts
by oxytocin-triggered contractions.
◍ Where are the parathyroid glands located?.
Answer: On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland (usually 4 total).
◍ Is blood clotting a negative or positive feedback mechanism?.
Answer: Positive feedback.
◍ How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins?.
Answer: Thin walls, valves, and low-pressure flow aided by muscle
contractions.
◍ Naturally acquired active:.
Answer: infection exposure
◍ Which gland secretes Epinephrine?.
Answer: Adrenal medulla.
◍ What are the functions of Prolactin?.
Answer: Stimulates milk production in mammary glands.
◍ Function of pancreatic acinar cells?.
Answer: Produce and secrete digestive enzymes.
◍ Functions of the respiratory system?.
Answer: Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out), vocalization, olfaction, pH
regulation.
◍ What are the functions of the atria.
Answer: Atria receive blood; Right atrium gets blood from body, right
ventricle to lungs
◍ What is blood plasma?.
Answer: The fluid component of blood.
◍ What arteries supply blood to the heart muscle?.
Answer: The coronary arteries.
,◍ What are the functions of Thymosins?.
Answer: Promote T cell maturation and immune function.
◍ Define blastomeres, morula, blastocyst, inner cell mass, and trophoblast..
Answer: Blastomeres: cells from cleavageMorula: solid ball of
cellsBlastocyst: hollow ball of cellsInner cell mass: forms
embryoTrophoblast: forms placenta
◍ What are the characteristics and actions of testosterone?.
Answer: Develops male reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics,
increases muscle/bone growth, stimulates spermatogenesis.
◍ Where is the spleen located?.
Answer: Upper left abdominal quadrant, beneath the diaphragm.
◍ How is PTH regulated?.
Answer: Stimulated by low blood calcium levels.
◍ What is the composition of normal urine?.
Answer: Mostly water, with urea, uric acid, creatinine, electrolytes, and
some hormones.
◍ What is an electrolyte and which are found in plasma?.
Answer: Ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate that
help maintain fluid balance and pH.
◍ What are prostaglandins and their function?.
Answer: Locally acting lipids that regulate inflammation, smooth muscle
activity, and pain.
◍ What are the functions of LH?.
Answer: Triggers ovulation and progesterone production in females;
stimulates testosterone in males.
◍ Define breathing/ventilation..
Answer: Movement of air into and out of lungs.
◍ Which WBC is most/least abundant?.
, Answer: Most: NeutrophilsLeast: Basophils
◍ Functions of somatostatin, gastrin, and CCK?.
Answer: Somatostatin: inhibits gastric secretionGastrin: stimulates gastric
juice releaseCholecystokinin (CCK): stimulates pancreas and gallbladder
secretions
◍ How is ADH regulated?.
Answer: Stimulated by high blood osmolarity or low blood volume.
◍ What is a "formed element" and what are the three types?.
Answer: Formed elements are the cellular components of blood:Red blood
cells (erythrocytes)White blood cells (leukocytes)Platelets (thrombocytes)
◍ Functions of the sinuses?.
Answer: Lighten skull, produce mucus, resonate voice.
◍ What is the function of erythropoietin?.
Answer: Stimulates red blood cell production.
◍ What nutrients are needed for erythropoiesis?.
Answer: Iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and protein.
◍ Define respiration, external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular
respiration..
Answer: Respiration: overall gas exchange processExternal respiration: gas
exchange between lungs & bloodInternal respiration: gas exchange between
blood & tissuesCellular respiration: cells using O₂ to produce energy
◍ Where does the thoracic duct empty?.
Answer: Into the left subclavian vein.
◍ Which gland secretes Prolactin?.
Answer: Anterior pituitary.
◍ Define lingual frenulum, papillae, and lingual tonsils..
Answer: Lingual frenulum: tissue under tongue attaching it to floor of
mouthPapillae: small bumps on tongue, contain taste budsLingual tonsils:
lymphoid tissue at tongue base
