IVYTECH APHY 102 PRACTICE
EXAMINATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Name the two categories of white blood cells. Name the types of WBC's
within each category..
Answer: Granulocytes: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes, monocytes.
◍ Isovolumetric relaxation.
Answer: pressure decreases rapidly, no blood enters the ventricles, the
ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax, and the semilunar valves close
due to the pressure of blood in the aorta and the second heart sound is heard
◍ Purkinje fibers.
Answer: provide electrical conduction to the ventricles by spreading action
potentials through gap junctions to all the cardiomyocytes in the ventricules.
This causes the cardiac muscle of the ventricles to contract at a paced
interval.
◍ pulmonary circuit.
Answer: What is known as the movement of blood from the right ventricle
to both lungs back to the left atrium, and functions to allow gas exchange?
◍ pulmonary semilunar.
Answer: What valve is between the pulmonary trunk and RV?
◍ Define the humoral immune response..
Answer: Involves B cells producing antibodies that target pathogens in body
fluids.
◍ Describe the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus of the stomach..
, Answer: Cardia- Where food enters from the esophagus.Fundus-
Dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm. Body- Main, central portion of
the stomach.Pylorus- Distal end leading to the small intestine; includes
pyloric sphincter.
◍ right atrium, right ventricle.
Answer: What two chambers carry O2 POOR blood?
◍ Define murmur..
Answer: A heart murmur is an unusual or extra sound during a heartbeat,
often due to turbulent blood flow or valve issues.
◍ left atrium, left ventricle.
Answer: What two chambers carry O2 RICH blood?
◍ Define partial pressure..
Answer: Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a
mixture of gases. It determines the direction of gas movement (from high to
low partial pressure).
◍ Explain the terms naturally acquired, artificially acquired, passive immunity,
and active immunity. More specifically naturally acquired active immunity,
artificially active immunity, naturally acquired passive immunity, and
artificially acquired passive immunity..
Answer: Naturally acquired active: InfectionNaturally acquired passive:
Antibodies from mother.Artificially acquired active: Vaccination.Artificially
acquired passive: Injected antibodies (ex. anti-venom).
◍ atria.
Answer: What chambers are very small, thin, and wrinkled?
◍ Define chemotaxis.
Answer: Movement of immune cells toward the site of infection or injury in
response to chemical signals.
◍ Name the three types of T cells and explain their functions..
Answer: Helper T (CD4+)- Activate B cells and other immune
, cells.Cytotoxic T (CD8+)- Kill infected cells.Regulatory T: Suppress
immune response.
◍ Identify organs that are in the respiratory system and which are in the upper
respiratory tract and which are in the lower respiratory tract..
Answer: Upper: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.Lower: Trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs.
◍ Which cells mature in the thymus?.
Answer: T lymphocytes (T cells)
◍ sympathetic.
Answer: _______ influence can increase speed of heart rate and strength of
contraction
◍ Give examples of chemical barriers and explain the functions of each of the
chemical barriers..
Answer: - Stomach acid (HCl): Kills ingested pathogens.- Lysozyme:
Enzyme in tears/saliva that destroys bacteria.- Sebum: Inhibits microbial
growth.- Salt (in sweat): Discourages microbial growth.
◍ Know the two main types of lymphocytes and where each matures. Explain
the functions of lymphocytes..
Answer: T cells- Mature in thymus.B cells- mature in bone
marrow.Lymphocytes fight infection.
◍ superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus.
Answer: What brings O2 POOR blood from the myocardium to the right
atrium?
◍ Explain nonrespiratory air movements..
Answer: These are air movements not related to gas exchange, including:-
Coughing- Sneezing- Laughing- Crying- Hiccuping- Yawning
◍ Isovolumetric contraction.
Answer: when the ventricles begin to contract, the AV and semilunar valves
close and the first heart sound is heard, ventricular pressure increases
, rapidly, and there is no change in volume
◍ How many primary and secondary teeth do humans have?.
Answer: Primary (baby teeth)- 20Secondary (adult teeth)- 32
◍ LV, it has to pump blood out of heart to entire body.
Answer: What chamber has the thickest wall (2-3x bigger)? Why?
◍ Define antigen and antibody and make sure that you understand the
difference between the two..
Answer: Antigen- A molecule that triggers an immune response.Antibody
(aka immunoglobin)- A protein made by B cells that binds to a specific
antigen.
◍ Describe the role of thrombocytes and platelet plugs in hemostasis..
Answer: Platelets stick to exposed collagen in damaged vessels, become
activated, release chemicals, and attract more platelets to form a temporary
platelet plug.
◍ lub.
Answer: produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves
◍ autorhythmic cells.
Answer: These cells generate an action potential that spreads throughout the
myocardium, causing the heart to contract as a single unit.
◍ aortic semilunar.
Answer: What valve is between the aorta and LV?
◍ Explain what determines a person's blood type?.
Answer: Blood type is determined by antigens (A, B, Rh) present on red
blood cell surfaces.
◍ Describe the parts of the brain that control the respiratory system..
Answer: Medulla Oblongata: Controls basic rhythm of breathing.Pons:
Helps regulate the rate and depth.Hypothalamus and Cerebral Cortex:
Influence breathing under emotion or conscious control.
◍ Define hemostasis..
EXAMINATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Name the two categories of white blood cells. Name the types of WBC's
within each category..
Answer: Granulocytes: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes, monocytes.
◍ Isovolumetric relaxation.
Answer: pressure decreases rapidly, no blood enters the ventricles, the
ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax, and the semilunar valves close
due to the pressure of blood in the aorta and the second heart sound is heard
◍ Purkinje fibers.
Answer: provide electrical conduction to the ventricles by spreading action
potentials through gap junctions to all the cardiomyocytes in the ventricules.
This causes the cardiac muscle of the ventricles to contract at a paced
interval.
◍ pulmonary circuit.
Answer: What is known as the movement of blood from the right ventricle
to both lungs back to the left atrium, and functions to allow gas exchange?
◍ pulmonary semilunar.
Answer: What valve is between the pulmonary trunk and RV?
◍ Define the humoral immune response..
Answer: Involves B cells producing antibodies that target pathogens in body
fluids.
◍ Describe the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus of the stomach..
, Answer: Cardia- Where food enters from the esophagus.Fundus-
Dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm. Body- Main, central portion of
the stomach.Pylorus- Distal end leading to the small intestine; includes
pyloric sphincter.
◍ right atrium, right ventricle.
Answer: What two chambers carry O2 POOR blood?
◍ Define murmur..
Answer: A heart murmur is an unusual or extra sound during a heartbeat,
often due to turbulent blood flow or valve issues.
◍ left atrium, left ventricle.
Answer: What two chambers carry O2 RICH blood?
◍ Define partial pressure..
Answer: Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a
mixture of gases. It determines the direction of gas movement (from high to
low partial pressure).
◍ Explain the terms naturally acquired, artificially acquired, passive immunity,
and active immunity. More specifically naturally acquired active immunity,
artificially active immunity, naturally acquired passive immunity, and
artificially acquired passive immunity..
Answer: Naturally acquired active: InfectionNaturally acquired passive:
Antibodies from mother.Artificially acquired active: Vaccination.Artificially
acquired passive: Injected antibodies (ex. anti-venom).
◍ atria.
Answer: What chambers are very small, thin, and wrinkled?
◍ Define chemotaxis.
Answer: Movement of immune cells toward the site of infection or injury in
response to chemical signals.
◍ Name the three types of T cells and explain their functions..
Answer: Helper T (CD4+)- Activate B cells and other immune
, cells.Cytotoxic T (CD8+)- Kill infected cells.Regulatory T: Suppress
immune response.
◍ Identify organs that are in the respiratory system and which are in the upper
respiratory tract and which are in the lower respiratory tract..
Answer: Upper: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.Lower: Trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs.
◍ Which cells mature in the thymus?.
Answer: T lymphocytes (T cells)
◍ sympathetic.
Answer: _______ influence can increase speed of heart rate and strength of
contraction
◍ Give examples of chemical barriers and explain the functions of each of the
chemical barriers..
Answer: - Stomach acid (HCl): Kills ingested pathogens.- Lysozyme:
Enzyme in tears/saliva that destroys bacteria.- Sebum: Inhibits microbial
growth.- Salt (in sweat): Discourages microbial growth.
◍ Know the two main types of lymphocytes and where each matures. Explain
the functions of lymphocytes..
Answer: T cells- Mature in thymus.B cells- mature in bone
marrow.Lymphocytes fight infection.
◍ superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus.
Answer: What brings O2 POOR blood from the myocardium to the right
atrium?
◍ Explain nonrespiratory air movements..
Answer: These are air movements not related to gas exchange, including:-
Coughing- Sneezing- Laughing- Crying- Hiccuping- Yawning
◍ Isovolumetric contraction.
Answer: when the ventricles begin to contract, the AV and semilunar valves
close and the first heart sound is heard, ventricular pressure increases
, rapidly, and there is no change in volume
◍ How many primary and secondary teeth do humans have?.
Answer: Primary (baby teeth)- 20Secondary (adult teeth)- 32
◍ LV, it has to pump blood out of heart to entire body.
Answer: What chamber has the thickest wall (2-3x bigger)? Why?
◍ Define antigen and antibody and make sure that you understand the
difference between the two..
Answer: Antigen- A molecule that triggers an immune response.Antibody
(aka immunoglobin)- A protein made by B cells that binds to a specific
antigen.
◍ Describe the role of thrombocytes and platelet plugs in hemostasis..
Answer: Platelets stick to exposed collagen in damaged vessels, become
activated, release chemicals, and attract more platelets to form a temporary
platelet plug.
◍ lub.
Answer: produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves
◍ autorhythmic cells.
Answer: These cells generate an action potential that spreads throughout the
myocardium, causing the heart to contract as a single unit.
◍ aortic semilunar.
Answer: What valve is between the aorta and LV?
◍ Explain what determines a person's blood type?.
Answer: Blood type is determined by antigens (A, B, Rh) present on red
blood cell surfaces.
◍ Describe the parts of the brain that control the respiratory system..
Answer: Medulla Oblongata: Controls basic rhythm of breathing.Pons:
Helps regulate the rate and depth.Hypothalamus and Cerebral Cortex:
Influence breathing under emotion or conscious control.
◍ Define hemostasis..
