PAT 201 Test #1
What is Pain? - correct answer✔ ✔ Adaptive and protective
mechanism; among physical, cognitive, spiritual, emotional, and
environmental factors.
Associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
What is pain transduction? - correct answer✔ ✔ converting pain
stimulus to electrical signal transmitted to the central nervous system.
What happens in pain transduction? - correct answer✔ ✔ 1.
nociceptors activates due to physical, chemical, and thermal changes.
2. causing ion channels (sodium, calcium, and potassium) to open on
nociceptors.
3. creating electrical impulses that travels through axons of 2 primary
nociceptors where it is transmitted to the spinal cord, cortex, thalamus,
and brainstem.
What is pain transmission? - correct answer✔ ✔ conduction of pain
impulses along alpha and c fibres into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
,What happens in pain transmission? - correct answer✔ ✔ 1. forms
synapses with excitatory and inhibitory interneurons in the substantia
gelatinosa of the dorsal horn.
2. forms synapses with projecting neurons across the midline of the
spinal cord, where it ascends to the brain through 2 spinothalamic tracts.
3. carries fast and slow impulses and is connected to reticular formation,
hypothalamus, thalamus, and the limbic system.
4. impulses are then projected to the somatosensory cortex for
interpretation, location, and intensity of pain.
What is pain perception? - correct answer✔ ✔ conscious awareness
of pain.
Where does pain perception occur primarily? - correct answer✔ ✔
cerebral cortex, limbic system, and reticular formation.
What is pain perception influenced by? - correct answer✔ ✔ genes,
culture, sex, age, health, and past pain experiences.
,What are the 3 systems that produces pain perception? - correct answer
✔ ✔ 1. sensory-discriminatory system
2. affective-motivational system
3. cognitive-evaluative system
What is the sensory-discriminatory system? - correct answer✔ ✔
determines the identity, presence, character, location, and intensity of
pain; mediated by the somatosensory cortex.
What is the affective-motivational system? - correct answer✔ ✔
determines the individual's avoidance behaviour of pain as well as
their emotional response; mediated by the limbic system, reticular
formation, and the brainstem.
What is the cognitive-evaluative system? - correct answer✔ ✔
determines the learned behaviour and past experiences of pain, as well
as the modulation of perception; mediated by the cerebral cortex.
What are Alpha-delta fibres? - correct answer✔ ✔ large myelinated
fibres that transmits fast and sharp pain that is highly localized such as a
pin prick.
, What are Alpha-beta fibres? - correct answer✔ ✔ large myelinated
fibres that is associated with sensation, vibration, and touch.
What are C-fibres? - correct answer✔ ✔ short unmyelinated fibres
that are the most abundant in numbers that transmits slow dull pain that
is poorly localized.
What is the neospinothalamic pathway? - correct answer✔ ✔ fast
pain pathway that is highly localized.
What is the paleospinothalamic pathway? - correct answer✔ ✔ slow
dull pain pathway that is poorly localized; often associated with chronic
and persistent pain.
What are endogenous opioids? - correct answer✔ ✔ morphine-like
neuropeptides that inhibits transmission of pain impulses, by binding to
specific opioid receptors and neurons.
What are enkephalins? - correct answer✔ ✔ most prevalent of
natural opioids that binds to opioid receptors.
What is Pain? - correct answer✔ ✔ Adaptive and protective
mechanism; among physical, cognitive, spiritual, emotional, and
environmental factors.
Associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
What is pain transduction? - correct answer✔ ✔ converting pain
stimulus to electrical signal transmitted to the central nervous system.
What happens in pain transduction? - correct answer✔ ✔ 1.
nociceptors activates due to physical, chemical, and thermal changes.
2. causing ion channels (sodium, calcium, and potassium) to open on
nociceptors.
3. creating electrical impulses that travels through axons of 2 primary
nociceptors where it is transmitted to the spinal cord, cortex, thalamus,
and brainstem.
What is pain transmission? - correct answer✔ ✔ conduction of pain
impulses along alpha and c fibres into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
,What happens in pain transmission? - correct answer✔ ✔ 1. forms
synapses with excitatory and inhibitory interneurons in the substantia
gelatinosa of the dorsal horn.
2. forms synapses with projecting neurons across the midline of the
spinal cord, where it ascends to the brain through 2 spinothalamic tracts.
3. carries fast and slow impulses and is connected to reticular formation,
hypothalamus, thalamus, and the limbic system.
4. impulses are then projected to the somatosensory cortex for
interpretation, location, and intensity of pain.
What is pain perception? - correct answer✔ ✔ conscious awareness
of pain.
Where does pain perception occur primarily? - correct answer✔ ✔
cerebral cortex, limbic system, and reticular formation.
What is pain perception influenced by? - correct answer✔ ✔ genes,
culture, sex, age, health, and past pain experiences.
,What are the 3 systems that produces pain perception? - correct answer
✔ ✔ 1. sensory-discriminatory system
2. affective-motivational system
3. cognitive-evaluative system
What is the sensory-discriminatory system? - correct answer✔ ✔
determines the identity, presence, character, location, and intensity of
pain; mediated by the somatosensory cortex.
What is the affective-motivational system? - correct answer✔ ✔
determines the individual's avoidance behaviour of pain as well as
their emotional response; mediated by the limbic system, reticular
formation, and the brainstem.
What is the cognitive-evaluative system? - correct answer✔ ✔
determines the learned behaviour and past experiences of pain, as well
as the modulation of perception; mediated by the cerebral cortex.
What are Alpha-delta fibres? - correct answer✔ ✔ large myelinated
fibres that transmits fast and sharp pain that is highly localized such as a
pin prick.
, What are Alpha-beta fibres? - correct answer✔ ✔ large myelinated
fibres that is associated with sensation, vibration, and touch.
What are C-fibres? - correct answer✔ ✔ short unmyelinated fibres
that are the most abundant in numbers that transmits slow dull pain that
is poorly localized.
What is the neospinothalamic pathway? - correct answer✔ ✔ fast
pain pathway that is highly localized.
What is the paleospinothalamic pathway? - correct answer✔ ✔ slow
dull pain pathway that is poorly localized; often associated with chronic
and persistent pain.
What are endogenous opioids? - correct answer✔ ✔ morphine-like
neuropeptides that inhibits transmission of pain impulses, by binding to
specific opioid receptors and neurons.
What are enkephalins? - correct answer✔ ✔ most prevalent of
natural opioids that binds to opioid receptors.
