Chapter
5 Morphology of Flowering Plants
🌸 “KNOW YOUR PLANTS BEYOND THE GREEN — EVERY PART
HAS A STORY, A FUNCTION, AND A PLACE IN NEET.”
🎯 CHAPTER RELEVANCE OVERVIEW
🧩 Section 🔍 Anatomy of Flowering Plants
📌
Why this chapter matters for NEET Understanding the structure of flowering plants is foundational
for botany. This chapter builds the base for plant classification,
anatomy, and physiology — topics heavily tested in NEET.
📊NEET Weightage 3-4 MCQs in most NEET exams; 2024 - 5 Questions, 2023 - 4
Questions, 2022 - 3 Questions, 2021 - 1 Question, 2020 - 3
Questions, 2020 Covid - 3 Questions.
❓Common NEET question Identify root, shoot, leaves types and modifications,
Inflorescence types, aestivation, placentation, Diagram-based
questions on seeds or flowers, Floral formula interpretation
🔗️
Future Connections Anatomy of Flowering Plants- builds on root/stem/leaf
internal structure, Plant Physiology, Plant Reproduction,
🧭
Ecology & Evolution
CONCEPT MAP / FLOW OF TOPICS
The Root The Stem The Leaf The Inflorescence The Flower
🧠
Semi-Technical Description of a typical flowering plant Families
CORE CONCEPTS EXPLAINED Flower
Introduction:
● 🧬 Plant Morphology: Study of external form, structure & modifications of Fruit
Stem
Leaf Shoot
plants.
● 🆔 Helps in identification & classification of plants.
system
● 🌾 Essential for plant breeding studies.
Node
● 🌍 Explains adaptations to various environments.
Internode
● 🌱 Angiosperm body = Root system (underground) + Shoot system (above
Bud
ground).
● 🌿 Shoot system = Stem + Branches + Leaves + 🌸 Flowers.
Primary
root Root
● 🌱 Vegetative parts: Root, Stem, Leaf.
Secondary system
root
● 🌸 Reproductive part: Flower. Fig. Parts of a flowering plant
1
Morphology of Flowering Plants
,🔄 The Root
● ❌No chlorophyll, 🌒 grows underground
Primary
root
● ✅
Positive geotropism, ❌
Negative phototropism Secondary Tertiary
Types of Roots root root
Tap Root System: Found in dicots 🌱
● Grows
from radicle → gives primary root → branches into secondary
& tertiary roots
● 📍 Example: Mustard Fig. Tap Roots
● 🧱 Deep, strong anchorage
Adventitious Roots:
● Arise from non-radicle parts (stem, leaf, etc.)
● 📍 Example: Grass, Monstera, Banyan
● 🌿 Common in prop, climbing or storage roots
Fibrous Roots:
● Found in monocots 🌾 Fig. Adventitious Roots
● Radicle dies early → replaced by thin roots from stem base
● 📍 Example: Wheat
● 🚫 No main root; forms dense mat
🔄 Regions of the Root (Bottom to Top)
1. Root Cap 🛡️
● Thimble-like cap at tip Fig. Fibrous Roots
● Protects delicate root apex while pushing through soil
2. Meristematic Zone 🔁️
● Just above root cap
● Cells = tiny, thin-walled, actively dividing
● Responsible for cell multiplication
Region of
3. Elongation Zone ↔️
maturtion
● Above meristem
● Cells stretch & grow → increases root Root hair
length
4. Maturation Zone 🌟️
● Cells differentiate into permanent tissues
● 🚿Root hairs form here → absorb water Region of
& minerals elongation
Modifications of Root
● Storage of food: Carrot, turnip, sweet
potato, etc. Region of
● Support: Banyan tree, maize, sugarcane, meristematic
etc. activity
Root cap
● Respiration: Rhizophora
Fig. The regions of the root-tip
2
Biology P
W
, Turnip Carrot Sweet
Potato
(a) (b)
Fig. Modification of root for : (a) storage (b) respiration: pneumatophore in Rhizophora
Main Functions of Root System
● Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
● Proper anchorage to the plant parts.
● Storing reserve food material.
● Synthesis of plant growth regulators (PGRs).
✒Train Your Mind
Give some other example of storage root except carrot, turnip, sweet potato?
1. Radish, 2. Asparagus
If the root cap is removed, how will it affect root growth?
Without the root cap, the root apex gets damaged by soil friction, reducing cell division protection and
directional growth.
What advantage do fibrous roots offer in preventing soil erosion?
Fibrous roots form dense mats near the surface, holding soil particles together and minimizing erosion—
ideal for crops like wheat or grass.
THE STEM 🌿
The stem is the upright, above-ground part of the plant that grows from Stem
the plumule of a germinating seed. It bears leaves, flowers, and fruits.
Bud
Key Features of Stem
● Has nodes 🔘 and internodes ↔️
● 🍃 🌸
Bears leaves , flowers , and fruits 🍎 Node
● Possesses terminal & axillary buds 🌱 Internode
● Terminal bud helps in stem elongation
● Usually green when young, later turns woody or brown
Functions of Stem 🌿
● 🌱 Spreads branches with leaves, flowers & fruits
● 💧 Conducts water, minerals, and 🍃 photosynthates Fig. Stem
● 🍠 Stores food, 🛡️ provides support & protection
● 🌾 Aids in vegetative propagation in some plants
3
Morphology of Flowering Plants
5 Morphology of Flowering Plants
🌸 “KNOW YOUR PLANTS BEYOND THE GREEN — EVERY PART
HAS A STORY, A FUNCTION, AND A PLACE IN NEET.”
🎯 CHAPTER RELEVANCE OVERVIEW
🧩 Section 🔍 Anatomy of Flowering Plants
📌
Why this chapter matters for NEET Understanding the structure of flowering plants is foundational
for botany. This chapter builds the base for plant classification,
anatomy, and physiology — topics heavily tested in NEET.
📊NEET Weightage 3-4 MCQs in most NEET exams; 2024 - 5 Questions, 2023 - 4
Questions, 2022 - 3 Questions, 2021 - 1 Question, 2020 - 3
Questions, 2020 Covid - 3 Questions.
❓Common NEET question Identify root, shoot, leaves types and modifications,
Inflorescence types, aestivation, placentation, Diagram-based
questions on seeds or flowers, Floral formula interpretation
🔗️
Future Connections Anatomy of Flowering Plants- builds on root/stem/leaf
internal structure, Plant Physiology, Plant Reproduction,
🧭
Ecology & Evolution
CONCEPT MAP / FLOW OF TOPICS
The Root The Stem The Leaf The Inflorescence The Flower
🧠
Semi-Technical Description of a typical flowering plant Families
CORE CONCEPTS EXPLAINED Flower
Introduction:
● 🧬 Plant Morphology: Study of external form, structure & modifications of Fruit
Stem
Leaf Shoot
plants.
● 🆔 Helps in identification & classification of plants.
system
● 🌾 Essential for plant breeding studies.
Node
● 🌍 Explains adaptations to various environments.
Internode
● 🌱 Angiosperm body = Root system (underground) + Shoot system (above
Bud
ground).
● 🌿 Shoot system = Stem + Branches + Leaves + 🌸 Flowers.
Primary
root Root
● 🌱 Vegetative parts: Root, Stem, Leaf.
Secondary system
root
● 🌸 Reproductive part: Flower. Fig. Parts of a flowering plant
1
Morphology of Flowering Plants
,🔄 The Root
● ❌No chlorophyll, 🌒 grows underground
Primary
root
● ✅
Positive geotropism, ❌
Negative phototropism Secondary Tertiary
Types of Roots root root
Tap Root System: Found in dicots 🌱
● Grows
from radicle → gives primary root → branches into secondary
& tertiary roots
● 📍 Example: Mustard Fig. Tap Roots
● 🧱 Deep, strong anchorage
Adventitious Roots:
● Arise from non-radicle parts (stem, leaf, etc.)
● 📍 Example: Grass, Monstera, Banyan
● 🌿 Common in prop, climbing or storage roots
Fibrous Roots:
● Found in monocots 🌾 Fig. Adventitious Roots
● Radicle dies early → replaced by thin roots from stem base
● 📍 Example: Wheat
● 🚫 No main root; forms dense mat
🔄 Regions of the Root (Bottom to Top)
1. Root Cap 🛡️
● Thimble-like cap at tip Fig. Fibrous Roots
● Protects delicate root apex while pushing through soil
2. Meristematic Zone 🔁️
● Just above root cap
● Cells = tiny, thin-walled, actively dividing
● Responsible for cell multiplication
Region of
3. Elongation Zone ↔️
maturtion
● Above meristem
● Cells stretch & grow → increases root Root hair
length
4. Maturation Zone 🌟️
● Cells differentiate into permanent tissues
● 🚿Root hairs form here → absorb water Region of
& minerals elongation
Modifications of Root
● Storage of food: Carrot, turnip, sweet
potato, etc. Region of
● Support: Banyan tree, maize, sugarcane, meristematic
etc. activity
Root cap
● Respiration: Rhizophora
Fig. The regions of the root-tip
2
Biology P
W
, Turnip Carrot Sweet
Potato
(a) (b)
Fig. Modification of root for : (a) storage (b) respiration: pneumatophore in Rhizophora
Main Functions of Root System
● Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
● Proper anchorage to the plant parts.
● Storing reserve food material.
● Synthesis of plant growth regulators (PGRs).
✒Train Your Mind
Give some other example of storage root except carrot, turnip, sweet potato?
1. Radish, 2. Asparagus
If the root cap is removed, how will it affect root growth?
Without the root cap, the root apex gets damaged by soil friction, reducing cell division protection and
directional growth.
What advantage do fibrous roots offer in preventing soil erosion?
Fibrous roots form dense mats near the surface, holding soil particles together and minimizing erosion—
ideal for crops like wheat or grass.
THE STEM 🌿
The stem is the upright, above-ground part of the plant that grows from Stem
the plumule of a germinating seed. It bears leaves, flowers, and fruits.
Bud
Key Features of Stem
● Has nodes 🔘 and internodes ↔️
● 🍃 🌸
Bears leaves , flowers , and fruits 🍎 Node
● Possesses terminal & axillary buds 🌱 Internode
● Terminal bud helps in stem elongation
● Usually green when young, later turns woody or brown
Functions of Stem 🌿
● 🌱 Spreads branches with leaves, flowers & fruits
● 💧 Conducts water, minerals, and 🍃 photosynthates Fig. Stem
● 🍠 Stores food, 🛡️ provides support & protection
● 🌾 Aids in vegetative propagation in some plants
3
Morphology of Flowering Plants
