NR 507 Week 6 Pathophysiology Quiz 2026 Chamberlain
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of prerenal acute kidney
injury (AKI)?
A. Glomerular damage
B. Bladder outlet obstruction
C. Hypovolemia and decreased cardiac output
D. Nephrotoxic medications
Answer: C
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors that decrease renal blood flow, such as
hypovolemia or heart failure, before the blood reaches the kidneys.
2. In nephrotic syndrome, the characteristic finding of ‘massive proteinuria’ is
defined as protein loss greater than:
A. 3.5 g/day
B. 2.0 g/day
C. 1.5 g/day
D. 5.0 g/day
Answer: A
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the loss of 3.5 grams or more of
protein in the urine per day due to glomerular injury.
,3. Which organism is most frequently associated with the development of
chronic antral gastritis and peptic ulcer disease?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Escherichia coli
C. Clostridium difficile
D. Helicobacter pylori
Answer: D
Rationale: H. pylori infection is a major cause of chronic gastritis and is strongly linked to
both gastric and duodenal ulcers.
4. Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease (GERD)?
A. Inappropriate relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
B. Hypersecretion of insulin by the pancreas
C. Delayed gastric emptying due to pyloric stenosis
D. Rapid movement of chyme into the duodenum
Answer: A
Rationale: GERD occurs when the LES relaxes inappropriately or is weak, allowing gastric
contents to reflux into the esophagus.
5. A patient with hepatic encephalopathy presents with confusion and tremors.
This condition is primarily caused by the accumulation of:
A. Ammonia
C. Bilirubin
B. Urea
D. Creatinine
Answer: A
Rationale: Hepatic encephalopathy results from the liver’s inability to convert ammonia
into urea, leading to toxic levels in the blood crossing the blood-brain barrier.
, 6. Which type of hepatitis is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route?
A. Hepatitis C
B. Hepatitis B
C. Hepatitis A
D. Hepatitis D
Answer: C
Rationale: Hepatitis A is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water (fecal-
oral), whereas B and C are parenteral.
7. Postrenal acute kidney injury is most likely to result from:
A. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
B. Renal artery stenosis
C. Acute tubular necrosis
D. Hypotension
Answer: A
Rationale: Postrenal AKI occurs when there is an obstruction to the outflow of urine, such
as kidney stones or enlarged prostate.
8. Which clinical manifestation is a hallmark of Ulcerative Colitis?
A. Skip lesions along the GI tract
B. Bloody diarrhea and tenesmus
C. Transmural inflammation
D. Formation of fistulas
Answer: B
Rationale: Ulcerative colitis is characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation starting
in the rectum, frequently causing bloody diarrhea.
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of prerenal acute kidney
injury (AKI)?
A. Glomerular damage
B. Bladder outlet obstruction
C. Hypovolemia and decreased cardiac output
D. Nephrotoxic medications
Answer: C
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors that decrease renal blood flow, such as
hypovolemia or heart failure, before the blood reaches the kidneys.
2. In nephrotic syndrome, the characteristic finding of ‘massive proteinuria’ is
defined as protein loss greater than:
A. 3.5 g/day
B. 2.0 g/day
C. 1.5 g/day
D. 5.0 g/day
Answer: A
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the loss of 3.5 grams or more of
protein in the urine per day due to glomerular injury.
,3. Which organism is most frequently associated with the development of
chronic antral gastritis and peptic ulcer disease?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Escherichia coli
C. Clostridium difficile
D. Helicobacter pylori
Answer: D
Rationale: H. pylori infection is a major cause of chronic gastritis and is strongly linked to
both gastric and duodenal ulcers.
4. Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease (GERD)?
A. Inappropriate relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
B. Hypersecretion of insulin by the pancreas
C. Delayed gastric emptying due to pyloric stenosis
D. Rapid movement of chyme into the duodenum
Answer: A
Rationale: GERD occurs when the LES relaxes inappropriately or is weak, allowing gastric
contents to reflux into the esophagus.
5. A patient with hepatic encephalopathy presents with confusion and tremors.
This condition is primarily caused by the accumulation of:
A. Ammonia
C. Bilirubin
B. Urea
D. Creatinine
Answer: A
Rationale: Hepatic encephalopathy results from the liver’s inability to convert ammonia
into urea, leading to toxic levels in the blood crossing the blood-brain barrier.
, 6. Which type of hepatitis is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route?
A. Hepatitis C
B. Hepatitis B
C. Hepatitis A
D. Hepatitis D
Answer: C
Rationale: Hepatitis A is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water (fecal-
oral), whereas B and C are parenteral.
7. Postrenal acute kidney injury is most likely to result from:
A. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
B. Renal artery stenosis
C. Acute tubular necrosis
D. Hypotension
Answer: A
Rationale: Postrenal AKI occurs when there is an obstruction to the outflow of urine, such
as kidney stones or enlarged prostate.
8. Which clinical manifestation is a hallmark of Ulcerative Colitis?
A. Skip lesions along the GI tract
B. Bloody diarrhea and tenesmus
C. Transmural inflammation
D. Formation of fistulas
Answer: B
Rationale: Ulcerative colitis is characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation starting
in the rectum, frequently causing bloody diarrhea.
