NR 507 Week 6: Renal and Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology 2026
Chamberlain
1. A patient presents with massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and
generalized edema. Which condition is most likely?
A. Acute Nephritic Syndrome
B. Prerenal Azotemia
C. Nephrotic Syndrome
D. Chronic Pyelonephritis
Answer: C
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria (usually >3.5
g/day), hypoalbuminemia, and edema due to increased glomerular permeability.
2. What is the most common cause of prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
A. Bladder outlet obstruction
B. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Glomerulonephritis
D. Decreased renal perfusion
Answer: D
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors that decrease renal blood flow and perfusion,
such as hypovolemia, hemorrhage, or heart failure.
,3. Which organism is most frequently associated with the development of post-
streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
A. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
B. Escherichia coli
C. Staphylococcus aureus
D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Answer: A
Rationale: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs after an infection with specific
strains of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci.
4. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), why does anemia typically develop?
A. Loss of iron in the urine
B. Reduced production of erythropoietin
C. Decreased intake of folic acid
D. Chronic blood loss from the bladder
Answer: B
Rationale: The kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell
production; as renal function declines, EPO production drops, leading to anemia.
5. Which finding is a hallmark of acute nephritic syndrome?
A. Heavy lipiduria
B. Hematuria with red blood cell casts
C. Polyuria
D. Hyperalbuminemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephritic syndrome is characterized by inflammatory rupture of glomerular
capillaries, leading to hematuria and RBC casts.
, 6. The most common type of kidney stone is composed of:
A. Calcium oxalate
B. Struvite
C. Cystine
D. Uric acid
Answer: A
Rationale: Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate accounts for about 70-80% of all kidney
stones.
7. Hydronephrosis refers to:
A. Inflammation of the kidney
B. Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces
C. A cancerous growth in the renal cortex
D. Excessive water intake by the patient
Answer: B
Rationale: Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces due to
proximal obstruction of urine flow.
8. Which physiological change is primarily responsible for Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease (GERD)?
A. Increased gastric motility
B. Excessive production of saliva
C. Incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter
D. Hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter
Answer: C
Rationale: GERD is primarily caused by transient or permanent relaxation/weakness of
the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
Chamberlain
1. A patient presents with massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and
generalized edema. Which condition is most likely?
A. Acute Nephritic Syndrome
B. Prerenal Azotemia
C. Nephrotic Syndrome
D. Chronic Pyelonephritis
Answer: C
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria (usually >3.5
g/day), hypoalbuminemia, and edema due to increased glomerular permeability.
2. What is the most common cause of prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
A. Bladder outlet obstruction
B. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Glomerulonephritis
D. Decreased renal perfusion
Answer: D
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors that decrease renal blood flow and perfusion,
such as hypovolemia, hemorrhage, or heart failure.
,3. Which organism is most frequently associated with the development of post-
streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
A. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
B. Escherichia coli
C. Staphylococcus aureus
D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Answer: A
Rationale: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs after an infection with specific
strains of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci.
4. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), why does anemia typically develop?
A. Loss of iron in the urine
B. Reduced production of erythropoietin
C. Decreased intake of folic acid
D. Chronic blood loss from the bladder
Answer: B
Rationale: The kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell
production; as renal function declines, EPO production drops, leading to anemia.
5. Which finding is a hallmark of acute nephritic syndrome?
A. Heavy lipiduria
B. Hematuria with red blood cell casts
C. Polyuria
D. Hyperalbuminemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephritic syndrome is characterized by inflammatory rupture of glomerular
capillaries, leading to hematuria and RBC casts.
, 6. The most common type of kidney stone is composed of:
A. Calcium oxalate
B. Struvite
C. Cystine
D. Uric acid
Answer: A
Rationale: Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate accounts for about 70-80% of all kidney
stones.
7. Hydronephrosis refers to:
A. Inflammation of the kidney
B. Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces
C. A cancerous growth in the renal cortex
D. Excessive water intake by the patient
Answer: B
Rationale: Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces due to
proximal obstruction of urine flow.
8. Which physiological change is primarily responsible for Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease (GERD)?
A. Increased gastric motility
B. Excessive production of saliva
C. Incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter
D. Hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter
Answer: C
Rationale: GERD is primarily caused by transient or permanent relaxation/weakness of
the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
