NR 507 Week 6: Reproductive System Pathophysiology 2026
Chamberlain
1. Which hormonal imbalance is most characteristic of Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome (PCOS)?
A. Low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. Decreased insulin levels
C. High levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D. Excessive androgen levels and insulin resistance
Answer: D
Rationale: PCOS is characterized by hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and an elevated
LH to FSH ratio, leading to ovulatory dysfunction.
2. In endometriosis, where is the endometrial tissue most commonly found
outside the uterus?
A. Lungs
B. Brain
C. Pelvic peritoneum and ovaries
D. Liver
Answer: C
Rationale: Endometriosis involves the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the
uterus, most frequently on the pelvic peritoneum, ovaries, and uterosacral ligaments.
,3. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia (BPH)?
A. Metastatic spread of malignant cells
B. Hyperplasia of prostatic epithelial and stromal cells in the transition zone
C. Chronic bacterial infection of the prostate
D. Atrophy of the prostate gland due to low testosterone
Answer: B
Rationale: BPH results from the proliferation of cells in the transition zone of the prostate,
which surrounds the urethra, leading to urinary obstruction.
4. Which physical exam finding is most suggestive of testicular torsion?
A. Positive Prehn’s sign (relief of pain with scrotal elevation)
B. Absent cremasteric reflex on the affected side
C. Transillumination of the scrotum
D. Painless enlargement of the testicle
Answer: B
Rationale: Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency characterized by the sudden loss of
the cremasteric reflex and severe pain; Prehn’s sign is usually negative.
5. What is the primary cause of primary dysmenorrhea?
A. Uterine fibroids
B. Endometriosis
C. Excessive endometrial prostaglandin production
D. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Answer: C
Rationale: Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by the release of prostaglandins (PGF2-alpha)
during menstruation, which causes uterine contractions and ischemia.
, 6. Which pathogen is the most common cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
(PID)?
A. Escherichia coli
B. Staphylococcus aureus
C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
D. Candida albicans
Answer: C
Rationale: PID is usually an ascending infection caused by sexually transmitted organisms,
most commonly N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis.
7. In the development of cervical cancer, which high-risk HPV types are most
frequently implicated?
A. Types 6 and 11
B. Types 1 and 2
C. Types 16 and 18
D. Types 4 and 5
Answer: C
Rationale: HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk because they produce
oncoproteins (E6/E7) that interfere with tumor suppressor proteins p53 and Rb.
8. What is the hallmark clinical manifestation of primary syphilis?
A. Generalized maculopapular rash
B. Gummas in bone and skin
C. A painless chancre at the site of inoculation
D. Neurological deficits
Answer: C
Rationale: Primary syphilis is characterized by a single, painless, firm ulcer known as a
chancre, which typically heals within 3 to 6 weeks.
Chamberlain
1. Which hormonal imbalance is most characteristic of Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome (PCOS)?
A. Low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH)
B. Decreased insulin levels
C. High levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D. Excessive androgen levels and insulin resistance
Answer: D
Rationale: PCOS is characterized by hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and an elevated
LH to FSH ratio, leading to ovulatory dysfunction.
2. In endometriosis, where is the endometrial tissue most commonly found
outside the uterus?
A. Lungs
B. Brain
C. Pelvic peritoneum and ovaries
D. Liver
Answer: C
Rationale: Endometriosis involves the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the
uterus, most frequently on the pelvic peritoneum, ovaries, and uterosacral ligaments.
,3. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia (BPH)?
A. Metastatic spread of malignant cells
B. Hyperplasia of prostatic epithelial and stromal cells in the transition zone
C. Chronic bacterial infection of the prostate
D. Atrophy of the prostate gland due to low testosterone
Answer: B
Rationale: BPH results from the proliferation of cells in the transition zone of the prostate,
which surrounds the urethra, leading to urinary obstruction.
4. Which physical exam finding is most suggestive of testicular torsion?
A. Positive Prehn’s sign (relief of pain with scrotal elevation)
B. Absent cremasteric reflex on the affected side
C. Transillumination of the scrotum
D. Painless enlargement of the testicle
Answer: B
Rationale: Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency characterized by the sudden loss of
the cremasteric reflex and severe pain; Prehn’s sign is usually negative.
5. What is the primary cause of primary dysmenorrhea?
A. Uterine fibroids
B. Endometriosis
C. Excessive endometrial prostaglandin production
D. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Answer: C
Rationale: Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by the release of prostaglandins (PGF2-alpha)
during menstruation, which causes uterine contractions and ischemia.
, 6. Which pathogen is the most common cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
(PID)?
A. Escherichia coli
B. Staphylococcus aureus
C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
D. Candida albicans
Answer: C
Rationale: PID is usually an ascending infection caused by sexually transmitted organisms,
most commonly N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis.
7. In the development of cervical cancer, which high-risk HPV types are most
frequently implicated?
A. Types 6 and 11
B. Types 1 and 2
C. Types 16 and 18
D. Types 4 and 5
Answer: C
Rationale: HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk because they produce
oncoproteins (E6/E7) that interfere with tumor suppressor proteins p53 and Rb.
8. What is the hallmark clinical manifestation of primary syphilis?
A. Generalized maculopapular rash
B. Gummas in bone and skin
C. A painless chancre at the site of inoculation
D. Neurological deficits
Answer: C
Rationale: Primary syphilis is characterized by a single, painless, firm ulcer known as a
chancre, which typically heals within 3 to 6 weeks.
