NR 507 Week 7 Pathophysiology Quiz (Renal and Reproductive
Systems) 2026 Chamberlain
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of prerenal acute kidney
injury (AKI)?
A. Prostatic hypertrophy
B. Urethral obstruction
C. Acute tubular necrosis
D. Renal artery stenosis
Answer: D
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is caused by conditions that impair renal blood flow, such as
hypovolemia, hypotension, or renal artery stenosis.
2. A patient presents with massive proteinuria (exceeding 3.5 g/day),
hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema. Which condition is most likely?
A. Acute cystitis
B. Nephrotic syndrome
C. Nephritic syndrome
D. Urolithiasis
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, low blood albumin,
and significant edema due to glomerular damage.
,3. Which hormone is synthesized and released by the kidneys to stimulate red
blood cell production?
A. Renin
B. Erythropoietin
C. Aldosterone
D. Calcitriol
Answer: B
Rationale: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia to stimulate
the bone marrow to produce RBCs.
4. What is the primary mechanism behind the development of Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia (BPH)?
A. Bacterial infection of the prostate
B. Malignant transformation of epithelial cells
C. Autoimmune destruction of prostatic tissue
D. Endocrine changes associated with aging
Answer: D
Rationale: BPH is largely attributed to hormonal imbalances, particularly involving
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrogen, during aging.
5. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is frequently associated with which
metabolic condition?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Type 1 Diabetes
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Hypoparathyroidism
Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin resistance and resulting hyperinsulinemia are key pathophysiological
features of PCOS, contributing to androgen excess.
, 6. Which organism is the most frequent cause of uncomplicated urinary tract
infections (UTIs)?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Proteus mirabilis
C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
D. Escherichia coli
Answer: D
Rationale: E. coli from the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for about 80-85% of
community-acquired UTIs.
7. What is the hallmark finding in the urine sediment of a patient with acute
glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome)?
A. Waxy casts
B. Fatty casts
C. Red blood cell (RBC) casts
D. Hyaline casts
Answer: C
Rationale: RBC casts indicate glomerular inflammation and bleeding, which are
characteristic of nephritic syndrome.
8. In Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), why does secondary hyperparathyroidism
occur?
A. Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
B. Increased renal excretion of calcium
C. Hypophosphatemia
D. Excessive Vitamin D intake
Answer: A
Rationale: In CKD, phosphate retention and decreased Vitamin D activation lead to low
calcium, which triggers the parathyroid glands to overproduce PTH.
Systems) 2026 Chamberlain
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of prerenal acute kidney
injury (AKI)?
A. Prostatic hypertrophy
B. Urethral obstruction
C. Acute tubular necrosis
D. Renal artery stenosis
Answer: D
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is caused by conditions that impair renal blood flow, such as
hypovolemia, hypotension, or renal artery stenosis.
2. A patient presents with massive proteinuria (exceeding 3.5 g/day),
hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema. Which condition is most likely?
A. Acute cystitis
B. Nephrotic syndrome
C. Nephritic syndrome
D. Urolithiasis
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, low blood albumin,
and significant edema due to glomerular damage.
,3. Which hormone is synthesized and released by the kidneys to stimulate red
blood cell production?
A. Renin
B. Erythropoietin
C. Aldosterone
D. Calcitriol
Answer: B
Rationale: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia to stimulate
the bone marrow to produce RBCs.
4. What is the primary mechanism behind the development of Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia (BPH)?
A. Bacterial infection of the prostate
B. Malignant transformation of epithelial cells
C. Autoimmune destruction of prostatic tissue
D. Endocrine changes associated with aging
Answer: D
Rationale: BPH is largely attributed to hormonal imbalances, particularly involving
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estrogen, during aging.
5. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is frequently associated with which
metabolic condition?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Type 1 Diabetes
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Hypoparathyroidism
Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin resistance and resulting hyperinsulinemia are key pathophysiological
features of PCOS, contributing to androgen excess.
, 6. Which organism is the most frequent cause of uncomplicated urinary tract
infections (UTIs)?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Proteus mirabilis
C. Klebsiella pneumoniae
D. Escherichia coli
Answer: D
Rationale: E. coli from the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for about 80-85% of
community-acquired UTIs.
7. What is the hallmark finding in the urine sediment of a patient with acute
glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome)?
A. Waxy casts
B. Fatty casts
C. Red blood cell (RBC) casts
D. Hyaline casts
Answer: C
Rationale: RBC casts indicate glomerular inflammation and bleeding, which are
characteristic of nephritic syndrome.
8. In Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), why does secondary hyperparathyroidism
occur?
A. Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
B. Increased renal excretion of calcium
C. Hypophosphatemia
D. Excessive Vitamin D intake
Answer: A
Rationale: In CKD, phosphate retention and decreased Vitamin D activation lead to low
calcium, which triggers the parathyroid glands to overproduce PTH.
