NR 507 Week 7: Renal and Reproductive Pathophysiology 2026
Chamberlain
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of intrarenal acute kidney
injury?
A. Renal artery stenosis
B. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Urolithiasis
D. Congestive heart failure
Answer: B
Rationale: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by ischemia or nephrotoxins is the most
common cause of intrarenal AKI.
2. What is the hallmark clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria exceeding 3.5 g/day
C. Hypokalemia
D. Polyuria
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria (3.5g or more per
day) due to increased glomerular permeability.
,3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water in the
distal tubule and collecting duct?
A. Aldosterone
B. Atrial natriuretic peptide
C. Renin
D. Antidiuretic hormone
Answer: D
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the permeability of the distal tubule and
collecting ducts to water, facilitating reabsorption.
4. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often develops anemia due to a
deficiency in which substance?
A. Vitamin B12
B. Erythropoietin
C. Thrombopoietin
D. Iron
Answer: B
Rationale: The kidneys produce erythropoietin; in CKD, reduced production leads to
decreased red blood cell synthesis and anemia.
5. Which type of kidney stone is most commonly associated with urinary tract
infections caused by urea-splitting bacteria?
A. Struvite
B. Uric acid
C. Calcium oxalate
D. Cystine
Answer: A
Rationale: Struvite stones (magnesium ammonium phosphate) are associated with
infections by bacteria like Proteus which increase urinary pH.
, 6. The presence of RBC casts in the urine is highly suggestive of which condition?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Cystitis
C. Nephrolithiasis
D. Pyelonephritis
Answer: A
Rationale: RBC casts indicate that the bleeding is originating from the glomerulus,
characteristic of glomerulonephritis.
7. Which of the following is a classic symptom of Polycystic Kidney Disease
(PKD)?
A. Hypotension
B. Flank pain and hematuria
C. Decreased abdominal girth
D. Urethritis
Answer: B
Rationale: PKD causes cyst growth which leads to kidney enlargement, flank pain, and
often hematuria from cyst rupture.
8. What is the pathophysiological mechanism behind Prerenal Acute Kidney
Injury?
A. Obstruction of urine flow
B. Direct damage to the renal parenchyma
C. Immune complex deposition
D. Reduced renal blood flow and perfusion
Answer: D
Rationale: Prerenal AKI results from conditions that decrease blood flow to the kidney,
such as dehydration or hemorrhage.
Chamberlain
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of intrarenal acute kidney
injury?
A. Renal artery stenosis
B. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Urolithiasis
D. Congestive heart failure
Answer: B
Rationale: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by ischemia or nephrotoxins is the most
common cause of intrarenal AKI.
2. What is the hallmark clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria exceeding 3.5 g/day
C. Hypokalemia
D. Polyuria
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria (3.5g or more per
day) due to increased glomerular permeability.
,3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water in the
distal tubule and collecting duct?
A. Aldosterone
B. Atrial natriuretic peptide
C. Renin
D. Antidiuretic hormone
Answer: D
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the permeability of the distal tubule and
collecting ducts to water, facilitating reabsorption.
4. A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often develops anemia due to a
deficiency in which substance?
A. Vitamin B12
B. Erythropoietin
C. Thrombopoietin
D. Iron
Answer: B
Rationale: The kidneys produce erythropoietin; in CKD, reduced production leads to
decreased red blood cell synthesis and anemia.
5. Which type of kidney stone is most commonly associated with urinary tract
infections caused by urea-splitting bacteria?
A. Struvite
B. Uric acid
C. Calcium oxalate
D. Cystine
Answer: A
Rationale: Struvite stones (magnesium ammonium phosphate) are associated with
infections by bacteria like Proteus which increase urinary pH.
, 6. The presence of RBC casts in the urine is highly suggestive of which condition?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Cystitis
C. Nephrolithiasis
D. Pyelonephritis
Answer: A
Rationale: RBC casts indicate that the bleeding is originating from the glomerulus,
characteristic of glomerulonephritis.
7. Which of the following is a classic symptom of Polycystic Kidney Disease
(PKD)?
A. Hypotension
B. Flank pain and hematuria
C. Decreased abdominal girth
D. Urethritis
Answer: B
Rationale: PKD causes cyst growth which leads to kidney enlargement, flank pain, and
often hematuria from cyst rupture.
8. What is the pathophysiological mechanism behind Prerenal Acute Kidney
Injury?
A. Obstruction of urine flow
B. Direct damage to the renal parenchyma
C. Immune complex deposition
D. Reduced renal blood flow and perfusion
Answer: D
Rationale: Prerenal AKI results from conditions that decrease blood flow to the kidney,
such as dehydration or hemorrhage.
