NR 507 Week 7: Renal and Reproductive Pathophysiology 2026
Chamberlain
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary
tract infections (UTIs)?
A. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
C. Escherichia coli
D. Proteus mirabilis
Answer: C
Rationale: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is responsible for approximately 80% to 85% of
uncomplicated UTIs.
2. In the development of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which category is caused by
decreased blood flow to the kidneys?
A. Intrarenal
B. Postrenal
C. Intrinsic
D. Prerenal
Answer: D
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is caused by hypoperfusion of the kidney, which decreases the
glomerular filtration rate.
,3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the stimulation of red blood cell
production and is decreased in Chronic Kidney Disease?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone
C. Erythropoietin
D. Calcitriol
Answer: C
Rationale: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys; its deficiency in CKD leads to
anemia.
4. What is the hallmark clinical finding of Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria
B. Proteinuria exceeding 3.5 g/day
C. Hypertension
D. Oliguria
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria (>3.5g/24h) due
to glomerular damage.
5. Which of the following is a classic symptom of PCOS (Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome)?
A. Hypoandrogenism
B. Insulin resistance
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Increased FSH levels
Answer: B
Rationale: Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are key pathophysiological features of
PCOS.
, 6. Endometriosis is defined as:
A. Inflammation of the uterine lining
B. Presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus
C. Benign tumors of the myometrium
D. Infection of the fallopian tubes
Answer: B
Rationale: Endometriosis occurs when endometrial tissue is present outside the uterine
cavity, responding to hormonal cycles.
7. Which electrolyte abnormality is most life-threatening in advanced Chronic
Kidney Disease?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperkalemia can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias as the kidney loses the ability
to excrete potassium.
8. What is the primary pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
A. Bacterial infection of the prostate
B. Malignant transformation of epithelial cells
C. Atrophy of the prostate gland
D. Hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells
Answer: D
Rationale: BPH involves the non-cancerous growth of the prostate gland, often
compressing the urethra.
Chamberlain
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary
tract infections (UTIs)?
A. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
C. Escherichia coli
D. Proteus mirabilis
Answer: C
Rationale: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is responsible for approximately 80% to 85% of
uncomplicated UTIs.
2. In the development of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which category is caused by
decreased blood flow to the kidneys?
A. Intrarenal
B. Postrenal
C. Intrinsic
D. Prerenal
Answer: D
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is caused by hypoperfusion of the kidney, which decreases the
glomerular filtration rate.
,3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the stimulation of red blood cell
production and is decreased in Chronic Kidney Disease?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone
C. Erythropoietin
D. Calcitriol
Answer: C
Rationale: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys; its deficiency in CKD leads to
anemia.
4. What is the hallmark clinical finding of Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria
B. Proteinuria exceeding 3.5 g/day
C. Hypertension
D. Oliguria
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria (>3.5g/24h) due
to glomerular damage.
5. Which of the following is a classic symptom of PCOS (Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome)?
A. Hypoandrogenism
B. Insulin resistance
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Increased FSH levels
Answer: B
Rationale: Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are key pathophysiological features of
PCOS.
, 6. Endometriosis is defined as:
A. Inflammation of the uterine lining
B. Presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus
C. Benign tumors of the myometrium
D. Infection of the fallopian tubes
Answer: B
Rationale: Endometriosis occurs when endometrial tissue is present outside the uterine
cavity, responding to hormonal cycles.
7. Which electrolyte abnormality is most life-threatening in advanced Chronic
Kidney Disease?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperkalemia can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias as the kidney loses the ability
to excrete potassium.
8. What is the primary pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
A. Bacterial infection of the prostate
B. Malignant transformation of epithelial cells
C. Atrophy of the prostate gland
D. Hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells
Answer: D
Rationale: BPH involves the non-cancerous growth of the prostate gland, often
compressing the urethra.
