NR 507 Weeks 1–4 Advanced Pathophysiology Study Guide 2026
|Chamberlain College
1. A 55-year-old male with chronic high blood pressure exhibits a thickened left
ventricular wall. Which cellular adaptation is most likely occurring?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, typically in response to
mechanical load or stress, such as the heart pumping against high systemic pressure.
2. Which process involves the replacement of one mature cell type with
another, less differentiated cell type?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Neoplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
often seen in the airway of smokers where ciliated columnar epithelium is replaced by
stratified squamous epithelium.
,3. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury caused by hypoxia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Lactic acid decrease
C. Failure of the Na+/K+ pump
D. Cellular dehydration
Answer: C
Rationale: Hypoxia leads to reduced ATP production, which causes the failure of the
sodium-potassium pump, leading to intracellular sodium accumulation and cellular
swelling.
4. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis infections in
the lungs?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis,
resulting in a ‘cheese-like’ appearance characteristic of TB granulomas.
5. Apoptosis is best defined as:
A. Death accompanied by inflammation
B. Death caused by external injury
C. Programmed cell death
D. Accidental cell lysis
Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is a distinct, regulated type of cell death (programmed) that does not
typically trigger an inflammatory response, unlike necrosis.
, 6. Which chromosomal abnormality is characterized by the genotype 45,X?
A. Turner Syndrome
B. Klinefelter Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Cri du Chat Syndrome
Answer: A
Rationale: Turner syndrome is a monosomy of the X chromosome (45,X), occurring only in
females.
7. An individual has a genotype of XXY. This condition is known as:
A. Klinefelter Syndrome
B. Turner Syndrome
C. Fragile X Syndrome
D. Trisomy 21
Answer: A
Rationale: Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) results in individuals with a male phenotype but
often with some feminine characteristics and sterility.
8. If a child has an autosomal recessive disorder, what is the most likely
genotype of the parents?
A. Both are homozygous dominant
B. One is homozygous recessive, one is homozygous dominant
C. Both are heterozygous carriers
D. One is heterozygous, one is homozygous dominant
Answer: C
Rationale: For a child to inherit an autosomal recessive disorder, they must receive one
recessive allele from each parent, implying both parents are usually carriers
(heterozygous).
|Chamberlain College
1. A 55-year-old male with chronic high blood pressure exhibits a thickened left
ventricular wall. Which cellular adaptation is most likely occurring?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, typically in response to
mechanical load or stress, such as the heart pumping against high systemic pressure.
2. Which process involves the replacement of one mature cell type with
another, less differentiated cell type?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Neoplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
often seen in the airway of smokers where ciliated columnar epithelium is replaced by
stratified squamous epithelium.
,3. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury caused by hypoxia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Lactic acid decrease
C. Failure of the Na+/K+ pump
D. Cellular dehydration
Answer: C
Rationale: Hypoxia leads to reduced ATP production, which causes the failure of the
sodium-potassium pump, leading to intracellular sodium accumulation and cellular
swelling.
4. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis infections in
the lungs?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis,
resulting in a ‘cheese-like’ appearance characteristic of TB granulomas.
5. Apoptosis is best defined as:
A. Death accompanied by inflammation
B. Death caused by external injury
C. Programmed cell death
D. Accidental cell lysis
Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is a distinct, regulated type of cell death (programmed) that does not
typically trigger an inflammatory response, unlike necrosis.
, 6. Which chromosomal abnormality is characterized by the genotype 45,X?
A. Turner Syndrome
B. Klinefelter Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Cri du Chat Syndrome
Answer: A
Rationale: Turner syndrome is a monosomy of the X chromosome (45,X), occurring only in
females.
7. An individual has a genotype of XXY. This condition is known as:
A. Klinefelter Syndrome
B. Turner Syndrome
C. Fragile X Syndrome
D. Trisomy 21
Answer: A
Rationale: Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) results in individuals with a male phenotype but
often with some feminine characteristics and sterility.
8. If a child has an autosomal recessive disorder, what is the most likely
genotype of the parents?
A. Both are homozygous dominant
B. One is homozygous recessive, one is homozygous dominant
C. Both are heterozygous carriers
D. One is heterozygous, one is homozygous dominant
Answer: C
Rationale: For a child to inherit an autosomal recessive disorder, they must receive one
recessive allele from each parent, implying both parents are usually carriers
(heterozygous).
