GH 101 Final Exam With Latest
Updates Qustion & Answer Verfiend
2026/2027
-Can be a social determinant of health due to certain groups being at higher risk
of disease and death to structural violence, as well as certain groups having less
access to healthcare
Incidence - ANSWER//number of new cases of conditions out of population of
interest over time
Prevalence - ANSWER//Number of cases at this point in time (the occurrence,
rate, or frequency of a disease)
IMR - ANSWER//Infant mortality rate, denominator usually 1000 (under-5 same
idea, averaged over 5 year period, usually lower than IMR)
MMR - ANSWER//Maternal mortality rate (cause of death related to issues of
reproductive health)
Life expectancy at birth - ANSWER//Men usually lower
DALY - ANSWER//Disability-Adjusted Life Year [=YLD + YLL]
-Present value of the future years of disability-free life that are lost as a result of
the premature deaths or cases of disability occurring in a particular year
-DALY values determined by WHO
Colonial and Imperialism - ANSWER//-Colonial Healthcare (1800s-1960): separate
case for colonists and indigenous people
-Berlin Conference (1884): Scramble for Africa
Common Policies of Successful Stories on Health - ANSWER//(1950-1980) Kerala
(India), China, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, S. Korea
-Primary education universal and compulsory (all)
-Housing, water, sanitation for poor (all)
-Food/agriculture subsidies (all)
-Land reform (all)
-Protection of nascent industries (Taiwan, S.Korea)
-Simple health services (all)
-Common denominator: all require government intervention, taxation
, Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) - ANSWER//-Health is a fundamental human right,
requires inter-sectional action (education, nutrition, poverty reduction) to attain
-Improved health and peace requires economic and social development based on
New Int'l Economic Order
-Governments have responsibility to provide adequate health and social
measures for health
-International cooperation is necessary
-Primary health care is appropriate, accessible, acceptable, affordable and
requires community participation
-HFA 2000 requires redirecting resources from military to social expenditures
(including health)
Principles of PHC (emerging out of Alma-Ata, "essential components") -
ANSWER//-Health education
-Environmental sanitation, especially food and water
-The employment of community or village health workers
-Maternal and child health programs, including immunization and family planning
-Prevention of local endemic diseases
-Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
-Provision of essential drugs
-Promotion of nutrition
-Traditional medicine
Resistances and Reactions to PHC - SPHC, GOBI, Child Survival, Vertical
Programming - ANSWER//-Resistance to PHC: Stemmed from rise of
neoliberalism and lack of commitment from governments
-SPHC: Selective Primary Health Care (Walsh, Warren)
-GOBI-FFF: Growth monitoring, Oral Rehydration Therapy, Breast feeding,
Immunizations + Family Planning, Female Literacy, Food (UNICEF)
-Child Survival (USAID)
-Vertical Programming: (Disease-specific) eradication programs of the 1960s-
1970s
Neoliberalism, Austerity, SAP's - ANSWER//Washington Consensus
-Neoliberalism: Resurgence in the 1980s in America "Government is not the
solution to our problems. Government is the problem" -- Ronald Reagan 1981
-Also referred to as "Market Fundamentalism"-- George Scores
-Austerity: Term referring to policies that aim to reduce government budget
deficits through spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both
-Austerity Measures: Aimed to reschedule debt owed to the IMF
-SAP's: Structural Adjustment Programs with three main goals: 1) reduce
government spending 2) improve terms for foreign investment 3) privatize the
economy-- "free market"
Updates Qustion & Answer Verfiend
2026/2027
-Can be a social determinant of health due to certain groups being at higher risk
of disease and death to structural violence, as well as certain groups having less
access to healthcare
Incidence - ANSWER//number of new cases of conditions out of population of
interest over time
Prevalence - ANSWER//Number of cases at this point in time (the occurrence,
rate, or frequency of a disease)
IMR - ANSWER//Infant mortality rate, denominator usually 1000 (under-5 same
idea, averaged over 5 year period, usually lower than IMR)
MMR - ANSWER//Maternal mortality rate (cause of death related to issues of
reproductive health)
Life expectancy at birth - ANSWER//Men usually lower
DALY - ANSWER//Disability-Adjusted Life Year [=YLD + YLL]
-Present value of the future years of disability-free life that are lost as a result of
the premature deaths or cases of disability occurring in a particular year
-DALY values determined by WHO
Colonial and Imperialism - ANSWER//-Colonial Healthcare (1800s-1960): separate
case for colonists and indigenous people
-Berlin Conference (1884): Scramble for Africa
Common Policies of Successful Stories on Health - ANSWER//(1950-1980) Kerala
(India), China, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, S. Korea
-Primary education universal and compulsory (all)
-Housing, water, sanitation for poor (all)
-Food/agriculture subsidies (all)
-Land reform (all)
-Protection of nascent industries (Taiwan, S.Korea)
-Simple health services (all)
-Common denominator: all require government intervention, taxation
, Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) - ANSWER//-Health is a fundamental human right,
requires inter-sectional action (education, nutrition, poverty reduction) to attain
-Improved health and peace requires economic and social development based on
New Int'l Economic Order
-Governments have responsibility to provide adequate health and social
measures for health
-International cooperation is necessary
-Primary health care is appropriate, accessible, acceptable, affordable and
requires community participation
-HFA 2000 requires redirecting resources from military to social expenditures
(including health)
Principles of PHC (emerging out of Alma-Ata, "essential components") -
ANSWER//-Health education
-Environmental sanitation, especially food and water
-The employment of community or village health workers
-Maternal and child health programs, including immunization and family planning
-Prevention of local endemic diseases
-Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
-Provision of essential drugs
-Promotion of nutrition
-Traditional medicine
Resistances and Reactions to PHC - SPHC, GOBI, Child Survival, Vertical
Programming - ANSWER//-Resistance to PHC: Stemmed from rise of
neoliberalism and lack of commitment from governments
-SPHC: Selective Primary Health Care (Walsh, Warren)
-GOBI-FFF: Growth monitoring, Oral Rehydration Therapy, Breast feeding,
Immunizations + Family Planning, Female Literacy, Food (UNICEF)
-Child Survival (USAID)
-Vertical Programming: (Disease-specific) eradication programs of the 1960s-
1970s
Neoliberalism, Austerity, SAP's - ANSWER//Washington Consensus
-Neoliberalism: Resurgence in the 1980s in America "Government is not the
solution to our problems. Government is the problem" -- Ronald Reagan 1981
-Also referred to as "Market Fundamentalism"-- George Scores
-Austerity: Term referring to policies that aim to reduce government budget
deficits through spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both
-Austerity Measures: Aimed to reschedule debt owed to the IMF
-SAP's: Structural Adjustment Programs with three main goals: 1) reduce
government spending 2) improve terms for foreign investment 3) privatize the
economy-- "free market"
