Nurs 6501 advanced pathophysiology exam
final 2025/2026 latest versions each version
with 100 qs and answers
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - ANSWER//Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - ANSWER//Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss
of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney
disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ANSWER//End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
,--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - ANSWER//There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - ANSWER//There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - ANSWER//There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - ANSWER//There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - ANSWER//Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - ANSWER//Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
GERD - ANSWER//Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
Hiatal Hernia - ANSWER//Often asymptomatic
Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated with other
GI disorders, primarily GERD
--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals can diminish reflux by
eating small, frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position after eating.
, Abdominal supports and tight clothing are avoided and weight control recommended for
obese individuals.
Duodenal Ulcer - ANSWER//Characteristic manifestation = chronic intermittent pain in
epigastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is empty
Not unusual for pain to occur in middle of the night and disappear by morning
Peptic Ulcer Disease - ANSWER//Peptic ulcer is a break or ulceration in the protective
mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum
Least likely to occur in the large intestine
Major Depressive Disorder - ANSWER//SSRIs are the standard first-line treatment for
major depression
Initial selection of an antidepressant includes:
-Assessment of symptoms
-Age
-Side effects
-Safety
-Cost
Social Anxiety Disorder - ANSWER//Fear and avoidance of social situations
Example: anxious person may feel very uncomfortable having a conversation or
interacting with others and very conscious of being scrutinized and humiliated or
rejected by others
Schizophrenia Diagnosis: - ANSWER//Advanced neuroimaging techniques have
revealed structural brain abnormalities
A consistent finding is the enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles and the
widening of frontocortical fissures and sulci .
Schizophrenia Positive symptoms - ANSWER//("More" symptoms):
Hallucinations
Delusions
Formal thought disorder
Bizarre behavior
Schizophrenia Negative symptoms - ANSWER//Flattened affect
Alogia
Anhedonia
final 2025/2026 latest versions each version
with 100 qs and answers
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - ANSWER//Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - ANSWER//Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss
of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney
disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ANSWER//End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
,--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - ANSWER//There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - ANSWER//There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - ANSWER//There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - ANSWER//There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - ANSWER//Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - ANSWER//Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
GERD - ANSWER//Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
Hiatal Hernia - ANSWER//Often asymptomatic
Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated with other
GI disorders, primarily GERD
--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals can diminish reflux by
eating small, frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position after eating.
, Abdominal supports and tight clothing are avoided and weight control recommended for
obese individuals.
Duodenal Ulcer - ANSWER//Characteristic manifestation = chronic intermittent pain in
epigastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is empty
Not unusual for pain to occur in middle of the night and disappear by morning
Peptic Ulcer Disease - ANSWER//Peptic ulcer is a break or ulceration in the protective
mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum
Least likely to occur in the large intestine
Major Depressive Disorder - ANSWER//SSRIs are the standard first-line treatment for
major depression
Initial selection of an antidepressant includes:
-Assessment of symptoms
-Age
-Side effects
-Safety
-Cost
Social Anxiety Disorder - ANSWER//Fear and avoidance of social situations
Example: anxious person may feel very uncomfortable having a conversation or
interacting with others and very conscious of being scrutinized and humiliated or
rejected by others
Schizophrenia Diagnosis: - ANSWER//Advanced neuroimaging techniques have
revealed structural brain abnormalities
A consistent finding is the enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles and the
widening of frontocortical fissures and sulci .
Schizophrenia Positive symptoms - ANSWER//("More" symptoms):
Hallucinations
Delusions
Formal thought disorder
Bizarre behavior
Schizophrenia Negative symptoms - ANSWER//Flattened affect
Alogia
Anhedonia
