QAL Category M Non-Soil Fumigation
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
EXAM WITH ANSWERS |\ |\
What is a fumigant and how are they different from other
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
pesticides?
Fumigants: pesticides with unique physical and chemical
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
characteristics- they are gasses or turn into gasses after|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
application. They are non-selective and spread |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
throughout the space in which they are applied.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
How do fumigants change from a liquid or solid into a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
gas?
Generally, fumigants are either a liquid which is stored
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
under high pressure in order to prevent it volatilizing, a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
liquid that once exposed to water becomes a gas, or a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
solid that reacts with water to become a gas.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What are the chemical characteristics of a fumigant?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Chemical characteristics include the following: molecular
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
weight, specific gravity, volatility, vapor pressure, boiling
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
point, solubility, flammability, and chemical reactivity
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,What are the factors that affect the movement of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
fumigants through an application site? (describe and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
explain)
Molecular weight: depending on how much the fumigant
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
weighs, it may spread faster or slower through the space.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Heavier gasses diffuse slower.
|\ |\ |\
Temperature: depending on the air temperature, the |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
fumigant may diffuse more quickly or slowly. Higher
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
temperatures mean faster diffusion |\ |\ |\
Sorption rates also affect how quickly aeration occurs and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
is higher at lower temperatures (aka molecules will
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
remain on or in a surface- adsorption and absorption
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
respectively- for longer when it is colder) |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What are the common fumigants used for non-soil
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
fumigation?
Phosphine (gas generated by solid formulations of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
aluminum phosphide or magnesium phosphide)
|\ |\ |\ |\
Sulfuryl Fluoride (applied directly as a gas)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,Carbon Dioxide (applied directly as a gas)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Methyl Bromide (gas stored in pressurized cylinders as a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
liquid)
MITC and MITC-generating fumigants (metam sodium and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
dazomet)
Sulfur Dioxide (applied directly as a gas)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What are the characteristics of common fumigants used
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
for non-soil fumigation?
|\ |\
...
Why is it important to accurately identify pests?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Helps determine which control method or methods will be
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
used to address the pest problem. Proper identification
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
can make the difference between effective control and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
failed control. |\
, What pest factors determine the use of fumigation as a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
control method? (explain) |\ |\
The pest's habits: fumigation only kills pests in the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
enclosed area and if there are populations outside that
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
area that can reinfest, the treatment is generally not
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
effective since there is no residual protection |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Pest life stage: certain stages of life, like eggs and pupa
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
stages in insect pests, are not as susceptible to
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
fumigation. Also knowing when insects or other pests may |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
be dormant can also be useful because they are also less
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
susceptible to fumigants during these times as well. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What is the importance of choosing the proper application
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
rate and timing of application?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
The biology of the target pest can influence the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
effectiveness and timing of an application. It is important |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
to take that into account when choosing the rate and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
timing of an application because it can make the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
difference between effective and ineffective control of the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
target pest. (??)
|\ |\ |\
What is the importance of a pesticide label and what are
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
its legal implications for an applicator?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
EXAM WITH ANSWERS |\ |\
What is a fumigant and how are they different from other
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
pesticides?
Fumigants: pesticides with unique physical and chemical
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
characteristics- they are gasses or turn into gasses after|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
application. They are non-selective and spread |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
throughout the space in which they are applied.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
How do fumigants change from a liquid or solid into a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
gas?
Generally, fumigants are either a liquid which is stored
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
under high pressure in order to prevent it volatilizing, a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
liquid that once exposed to water becomes a gas, or a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
solid that reacts with water to become a gas.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What are the chemical characteristics of a fumigant?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Chemical characteristics include the following: molecular
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
weight, specific gravity, volatility, vapor pressure, boiling
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
point, solubility, flammability, and chemical reactivity
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,What are the factors that affect the movement of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
fumigants through an application site? (describe and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
explain)
Molecular weight: depending on how much the fumigant
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
weighs, it may spread faster or slower through the space.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Heavier gasses diffuse slower.
|\ |\ |\
Temperature: depending on the air temperature, the |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
fumigant may diffuse more quickly or slowly. Higher
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
temperatures mean faster diffusion |\ |\ |\
Sorption rates also affect how quickly aeration occurs and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
is higher at lower temperatures (aka molecules will
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
remain on or in a surface- adsorption and absorption
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
respectively- for longer when it is colder) |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What are the common fumigants used for non-soil
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
fumigation?
Phosphine (gas generated by solid formulations of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
aluminum phosphide or magnesium phosphide)
|\ |\ |\ |\
Sulfuryl Fluoride (applied directly as a gas)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,Carbon Dioxide (applied directly as a gas)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Methyl Bromide (gas stored in pressurized cylinders as a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
liquid)
MITC and MITC-generating fumigants (metam sodium and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
dazomet)
Sulfur Dioxide (applied directly as a gas)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What are the characteristics of common fumigants used
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
for non-soil fumigation?
|\ |\
...
Why is it important to accurately identify pests?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Helps determine which control method or methods will be
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
used to address the pest problem. Proper identification
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
can make the difference between effective control and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
failed control. |\
, What pest factors determine the use of fumigation as a
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
control method? (explain) |\ |\
The pest's habits: fumigation only kills pests in the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
enclosed area and if there are populations outside that
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
area that can reinfest, the treatment is generally not
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
effective since there is no residual protection |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Pest life stage: certain stages of life, like eggs and pupa
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
stages in insect pests, are not as susceptible to
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
fumigation. Also knowing when insects or other pests may |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
be dormant can also be useful because they are also less
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
susceptible to fumigants during these times as well. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
What is the importance of choosing the proper application
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
rate and timing of application?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
The biology of the target pest can influence the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
effectiveness and timing of an application. It is important |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
to take that into account when choosing the rate and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
timing of an application because it can make the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
difference between effective and ineffective control of the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
target pest. (??)
|\ |\ |\
What is the importance of a pesticide label and what are
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
its legal implications for an applicator?
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
