NEW BIOL 251 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
| PORTAGE LEARNING 2026/2027 LATEST
Section Topic Area Number of Questions
Section I Basic Anatomical Terminology & Organization 10
Section II Chemistry of Life & Cellular Function 12
Section III Tissue Types & Histology 10
Section Topic Area Number of Questions
Section IV Skeletal System & Bone Physiology 10
Section V Muscular System 12
1
,Section VI Nervous System 15
Section
Endocrine System 8
VII
Section
Homeostasis & Body Regulation 13
VIII
Part I – Multiple Choice Questions (Sample Verified Q&A)
1. Which connective tissue stores energy, insulates the body, and protects organs?
A. Areolar tissue
B. Adipose tissue ✅
C. Dense regular tissue D. Reticular tissue
2. The axial skeleton includes all of the following except:
A. Skull
B. Vertebral column
C. Pelvic girdle ✅ D. Thoracic cage
3. The primary function of osteoclasts is:
A. Build new bone matrix
B. Destroy bone tissue ✅
2
,C. Maintain bone tissue D. Form cartilage
4. The sarcomere is the functional unit of:
A. Bone
B. Muscle ✅
C. Nerve D. Skin
5. Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?
A. Body lying face down, arms at sides
B. Body standing erect, feet parallel, palms facing forward ✅
C. Body sitting upright with legs extended D. Body facing sideways
6. The smallest structural and functional unit of life is the:
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell ✅
D. Molecule
7. Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production (ATP) in the cell?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Nucleus
C. Mitochondria ✅ D. Lysosome
8. Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?
A. Transverse plane
3
, B. Frontal plane
C. Sagittal plane ✅
D. Coronal plane
9. The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called:
A. Filtration
B. Osmosis ✅
C. Diffusion
D. Active transport
10. The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction is:
A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine ✅
C. Serotonin
D. Epinephrine
Part II – Short Answer / Conceptual Questions
11. Explain how negative feedback maintains homeostasis.
Answer: Negative feedback works by detecting changes in a physiological variable and
initiating responses that counteract the deviation from the normal range (e.g., body temperature
regulation).
12. List the four primary tissue types in the human body.
Answer: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue ✅
13. Describe the difference between compact bone and spongy bone.
4
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
| PORTAGE LEARNING 2026/2027 LATEST
Section Topic Area Number of Questions
Section I Basic Anatomical Terminology & Organization 10
Section II Chemistry of Life & Cellular Function 12
Section III Tissue Types & Histology 10
Section Topic Area Number of Questions
Section IV Skeletal System & Bone Physiology 10
Section V Muscular System 12
1
,Section VI Nervous System 15
Section
Endocrine System 8
VII
Section
Homeostasis & Body Regulation 13
VIII
Part I – Multiple Choice Questions (Sample Verified Q&A)
1. Which connective tissue stores energy, insulates the body, and protects organs?
A. Areolar tissue
B. Adipose tissue ✅
C. Dense regular tissue D. Reticular tissue
2. The axial skeleton includes all of the following except:
A. Skull
B. Vertebral column
C. Pelvic girdle ✅ D. Thoracic cage
3. The primary function of osteoclasts is:
A. Build new bone matrix
B. Destroy bone tissue ✅
2
,C. Maintain bone tissue D. Form cartilage
4. The sarcomere is the functional unit of:
A. Bone
B. Muscle ✅
C. Nerve D. Skin
5. Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?
A. Body lying face down, arms at sides
B. Body standing erect, feet parallel, palms facing forward ✅
C. Body sitting upright with legs extended D. Body facing sideways
6. The smallest structural and functional unit of life is the:
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell ✅
D. Molecule
7. Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production (ATP) in the cell?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Nucleus
C. Mitochondria ✅ D. Lysosome
8. Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?
A. Transverse plane
3
, B. Frontal plane
C. Sagittal plane ✅
D. Coronal plane
9. The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called:
A. Filtration
B. Osmosis ✅
C. Diffusion
D. Active transport
10. The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contraction is:
A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine ✅
C. Serotonin
D. Epinephrine
Part II – Short Answer / Conceptual Questions
11. Explain how negative feedback maintains homeostasis.
Answer: Negative feedback works by detecting changes in a physiological variable and
initiating responses that counteract the deviation from the normal range (e.g., body temperature
regulation).
12. List the four primary tissue types in the human body.
Answer: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue ✅
13. Describe the difference between compact bone and spongy bone.
4
