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Superior courts
County level, criminal and civil cases, and a judge and jury
decide
State appellate courts
If a defendant loses at trial, can appeal and it can be taken to
appellate couts
State supreme courts
If nothing is resolved in appellate courts, they go to this level.
A group of state justices - all are elected.
Federal courts system
Created through the judiciary act of 1789 - the district courts,
the courts of the appeal and the supreme court.
The district courts
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,Both trial and appellate, jurisdiction over federal crimes, 1st
federal courts to hear state cases involving constitutional
questions.
Courts of appeal
13 courts, each covering a geographic area called a circut. Of
the 276,000 cases a year, only 48,500 reach this level. Most
cases are resolved here.
Legislative and special courts
Deal with technical matters of law - tax court, court of military
appeals, court of veterans appeals. Fisa court: created from
the foreign intelligence surveillance act
The supreme court
Supreme law of the land. 9 members - 1 chief justice and 8
associate justices.
The bureaucracy
People who work for gov't agencies are called bureaucrats.
Specialization (workers perform specialized tasks), hierarchal
organization, formal operating rules.
Federal bureaucracy
Civil service: civilian employees of the federal gov't
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, Spoils system: party loyalty, not experience or talent, becomes
criteria for federal job
Pendleton act (1883): a system for hiring based on
qualifications
Hatch act (1939): prohibit federal workers from running for
office or campaigning for other candidates.
The welfare state (1930s)
The federal gov't assumes major responsibility for the well
being of the people - started because of the new deal.
National security bureaucracy
Large number of agencies are responsible for protecting
american people from both foreign and domestic dangers. In
2001: the office of homeland security united all 22 federal
agencies.
Electoral college
Even if the popular vote is close, the winner takes all the votes
for that state.
Early federalists
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